Sociology Ch. 4, 5, 6

Front 1

ethnocentrism

Back 1

tendency to judge other cultures using one's own as a standard

Front 2

folkway

Back 2

informal norm that is mildly punished when violated

Front 3

heteronormative society

Back 3

culture in which heterosexuality is accepted as the normal, taken-for-granted mode of sexual expression

Front 4

institutionalized norm

Back 4

pattern of behavior within existing social institutions that is widely accepted in society

Front 5

intersexuals

Back 5

individuals in whom sexual differentiation is either incomplete or ambiguous.

Front 6

material culture

Back 6

artifacts of a society, which represent adaptations to the social and physical environment

Front 7

more

Back 7

highly codified, formal, systematized norm that brings severe punishment when violated

Front 8

nonmaterial culture

Back 8

knowledge, beliefs, customs, values, morals, and symbols that are shared by members of a society and that distinguish the society from others

Front 9

sanction

Back 9

social response that punishes or otherwise discourages violations of a social norm

Front 10

sexual dichotomy

Back 10

belief that two biological sex categories, male and female, are permanent, universal, exhaustive, and mutually exlusive

Front 11

sick role

Back 11

set of norms governing how one is supposed to behave and what one is entitled to when sick

Front 12

subculture

Back 12

values, behaviors, and artifacts of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture

Front 13

transexuals

Back 13

people who identify with a different sex and sometimes undergo hormone treatment and surgery to change their sex

Front 14

anticipatory socialization

Back 14

process through which people acquire the values and orientations found in statuses they will likely enter in the future (often occurs during childhood)

Front 15

collectivist culture

Back 15

culture in which personal accomplishments are less important in the formation of identity than group membership

Front 16

game stage

Back 16

stage in the development of self during which a child acquires the ability to take the role of a group or community (the generalized other) and to conform his behavior to broad, social expectations

Front 17

gender

Back 17

physiological, social, and cultural aspects of maleness and femaleness

Front 18

generalized other

Back 18

perspective of the larger society and its constituent values and attitudes

Front 19

identity

Back 19

essential aspect of who we are, consisting of our sense of self, gender, race, ethnicity, and religion

Front 20

individualist culture

Back 20

culture in which personal accomplishments are a more important component of one's self-concept than group membership

Front 21

looking-glass self

Back 21

sense of who we are that is defined by incorporating the reflected appraisals of others

Front 22

play stage

Back 22

stage in the development of self during which a child develops the ability to take A role, but only from the perspective of ONE person at a time

Front 23

reflexive behavior

Back 23

behavior in which the person initiating an action is the same as the person toward who the action is directed

Front 24

resocialization

Back 24

process of learning new values, norms, and expectations when an adult leaves an old role and enters a new one

Front 25

role taking

Back 25

ability to see oneself from the perspective of others and to use that perspective in formulating one's own behavior

Front 26

self

Back 26

unique set of traits, behaviors and attitudes that distinguishes one person from the next; the active source and passive object of behavior

Front 27

sex

Back 27

biological maleness or femaleness

Front 28

socialization

Back 28

process through which one learns how to act according to the roles and expectations of a particular culture

Front 29

total institution

Back 29

place where individuals are cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period and where together they lead an enclosed, formally administered life

Front 30

tracking

Back 30

grouping of students into different curricular programs, or tracks, based on an assessment of their academic abilities

Front 31

account

Back 31

statement designed to explain unanticipated, embarrassing or unacceptable behavior after the behavior has occurred

Front 32

aligning action

Back 32

action taken to restore an identity that has been damaged

Front 33

back stage

Back 33

area of social interaction away from the view of an audience, where people can rehearse and rehash their behavior

Front 34

cooling out

Back 34

gently persuading someone who has lost face to accept a less desirable but still reasonable alternative identity

Front 35

disclaimer

Back 35

assertion designed to forestall any complaints or negative reactions to a behavior or statement that is about to occur

Front 36

dramaturgy

Back 36

study of social interaction as theater, in which people ("actors") project images ("play roles") in front of others ("audience")

Front 37

embarassment

Back 37

spontaneous feeling that is experienced when the identity someone is presenting is suddenly and unexpectedly discredited in front of others

Front 38

front stage

Back 38

area of social interaction where people perform and work to maintain appropriate impressions

Front 39

impression management

Back 39

act of presenting a favorable public image of oneself so that others will form positive judgements

Front 40

performance team

Back 40

set of individuals who cooperate in staging a performance that leads an audience to form an impression of one or all teammembers

Front 41

stigma

Back 41

deeply discrediting characteristics that is viewed as an obstacle to competent or morally trustworthy behavior