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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the formula for cellular respiration? |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP (glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy) |
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What does cellular respiration do? |
It slowly breaks down glucose to capture e- and H+ ions since both are required to make ATP |
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What are the coenzymes and how do they change once they are full of e-? |
NAD+ turns to NADH + H+ (becomes 3 ATP) FADH turns to FADH2 (becomes 2 ATP) |
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What are the 4 steps to cellular respiration? Where do they take place and are they aerobic or anaerobic? |
- glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cytoplasm and is anaerobic - preparatory reactions occur in the mitochondria and are aerobic - citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria and is aerobic - electron transport chain occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and is aerobic |
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Steps of glycolysis |
- starts with a glucose that gets broken in half (using 2 ATP) - once the bond is broken, there are free e- and H+ ions that NAD+ takes to turn into NADH - phosphate gets attached to both ends of glucose to keep the outer shell safe; these phosphates create high energy bonds - 2 ADP take the phosphates and turn them into ATP; leaving us with pyruvate - everything happens twice since glucose is broken into 2 at the beginning |
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Overall use and production of molecules in glycolysis |
Overall use of 2 ATP and production of 4 ATP = net gain of 2 ATP (direct ATP production) and 2 NADH (indirect ATP production) |
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What happens to pyruvate if it doesn't have enough oxygen to continue to the mitochondria? |
- It stays in the cytosol and eventually turns to lactic acid inside the sarcoplasm - lactic acid begins to damage membranes (t-tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum) - this stops muscle contraction due to fatigue and there is no action potential reaching the muscle because of damage to the t-tubules - lactic acid travels to the liver via blood vessels (dilated is better than constricted), goes through the cori cycle, and gets turned back to glucose |
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Steps of the preparatory reactions |
- start with 2 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis - 2 NAD+ come in and take e- and H+, breaking off a carbon in the process and leaving us with 2 2-carbon molecules - NAD+ turns to NADH (no direct ATP production, but indirect due to NADH) - 2 pyruvate+2 CoA --> 2 acetyl CoA+2 CO2 |
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Steps of the citric acid cycle |
- 2 carbon acetyl CoA need broken in half (there are 2 carbons avaliable but they need broken off 1 at a time to capture as much energy as possible) - add 4-carbon oxaloacetate and are left with 6-carbon molecule citrate - NAD+ takes e- and H+ and turns into NADH (CO2 is broken off in the process, leaving a 4- carbon molecule) - 1 ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorilation (GTP transfers phosphate to NADP, creating GDP and ATP) - 4-carbon molecule succinate is left, but it needs to be turned back into oxaloacetate through oxidation reduction reactions |
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Overall use and production of molecules in citric acid cycle |
Make 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP; 4 CO2 are lost |
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Steps of electron transport chain |
- NADH comes in, drops off e- and H+, then leaves as NAD+ to go back into the other cycles - e- goes through cytochromes and as it does this, it powers the pumping of H+ from the matrix to the intermembraneous side of mitochondria (uses e- instead of ATP) - this builds an H+ gradient that wants to diffuse out and ATP synthase regulates this diffusion (ATP synthase links ADP and phosphate to create ATP) - e- and H+(acid) builds up in the matrix, which is bad so they combine to form water - oxygen is the final electron acceptor - 2e- + 2H+ + 1/2 O2 (6) --> H2O (6) |
