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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many bones does the axial skeleton contain? |
80 |
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Functions of the axial skeleton |
- supports and protects organs in body cavities - attaches to muscles that adjust position of head, neck, and trunk; respiration; stabilize/position appendicular skeleton |
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How many cranial bones and what do they do? |
- 8 cranial bones that protect the brain and enclose the cranial cavity - fluid filled cavity to cushion and support the brain - the inside allows for attachment of blood vessels, nerves, and membranes while the outside attaches muscles that move eyes, jaw, and head |
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How many facial bones and what do they do? |
- protect and support entrances to digestive/ respiratory tracts - Superficial facial bones for muscle attachment, facial expressions, and eating - Deep facial bones separate the oral and nasal cavities and form nasal septum |
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Sinuses |
Cavities that decrease the weight of the skull, are lined with mucus membranes, and protect the entrances of the respiratory system |
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Sutures |
Immovable bones of the skull |
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Lambdoid suture |
Connects occipital to parietal bones and arches on back of the skull |
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Coronal suture |
Attaches frontal to parietal bones |
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Sagittal suture |
The midline between the parietal bones, from lambdoid suture to coronal suture |
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Squamous suture |
Forms boundaries between temporal and parietal bones on each side |
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Neumonic for cranial bones |
STEP OF 6 Sphenoid, 2 temporal bones, ethmoid, 2 parietal bones, occipital bone, frontal bone |
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Sphenoid |
- Is part of the floor of the cranium, unites cranial and facial bones as a cross brace for the skull - Sella turcica is a saddle shaped enclosurethat has a depression called the hypophyseal Fassa and contains the pituitary gland |
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Temporal bones |
- Is part of the lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches - only bone joint that articulates with the mandible - surround and protect inner ear and attach muscles of jaws and head |
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Ethmoid |
- Forms anteromedial floor of the cranium, roof of nasal cavity, and part of the nasal septum and medical orbital wall - contains ethmoid air cells |
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Parietal bones |
- Forms part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium - surrounded by 4 major sutures - attachment for temporalis muscle that closes the mouth - has grooves for vessels |
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Occipital bone |
- Forms posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium - Occipital condyals are articulation surfaces between the skull and Atlas - Inferior and superior nuchal lines attach ligaments/muscles to stabilize joints of skull/vertebrae |
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Frontal bone |
- Forms anterior cranium and upper eye sockets - supraorbital margin is a ridge that protects eyes - frontal sinuses are open space to reduce weight Supraorbital foramen for blood vessels of eyebrows, eyelids, and frontal sinuses |
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Mandibular fossa |
- Temporal bones - Articulates with mandible |
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Zygomatic process |
- temporal bones - inferior to squamous portion and articulates with temporal process |
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Mastoid process |
- temporal bones - For muscle attachment - contains mastoid air cells connected to the middle ear |
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Auditory ossicles |
- temporal bones - incus, malleous, stapes - 3 tiny bones in tympanic cavity (middle ear) and transfer sound from tympanic membrane to inner ear |
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Marks of Sphenoid |
- Greater wings: form part of cranial floor and posterior wall of orbit and have sphenoidal spine - pterygoid process: form pterygoid plates to attach muscle of lower jaw and soft palate - optic canals: foramen for optic nerves |
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3 parts of ethmoid bone |
- cribriform plate: floor of cranium, roof of nasal cavity, contains crista galli - perpendicular plate: part of nasal septum - olfactory foramina: in cribriform plate for olfactory nerves |
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Maxillary bone |
- Superficial facial bone - largest facial bone and contains largest sinus (maxillary sinuses) - forms inferior orbital rim, lateral margins of external nares, and upper jaw and hard palate - supports upper teeth |
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Lacrimal bone |
- Superficial facial bone - smallest facial bones that form medial wall of the orbit |
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Nasal bone |
- Superficial facial bone - supports the bridge of nose and connects to cartilage of the distal part of nose (external nares) |
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Zygomatic bone |
- contributes to rim and lateral wall of the orbit - forms part of zygomatic arch (temporal process) |
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Mandible |
- Superficial facial bone - forms lower jaw - Has alveolar processes to support lower teeth and mental foramina for sensory nerve of the lips and chin Entrance to the mandibular canal for blood vessels/nerves of lower teeth |
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Palatine bones |
- deep facial bones - form posterior portion of bard palate - contribute to floors of orbits - horizontal plate is posterior and perpendicular plate is anterior |
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Inferior nasal conchae |
- deep facial bones - create air turbulence in nasal cavity with warmed and humidified inhaled air - increase epithelial surface area |
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Vomer |
- deep facial bone - forms inferior part of bony nasal septum |
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Orbital rim |
Mark of maxillary bone that protects eye and orbit |
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Palatine process |
Mark of maxiallry bone that forms hard palate (roof of mouth) |
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Infraorbital foramen |
Mark of maxillary bone for sensory and nerve to brain (via foramen rotundum of sphenoid) |
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What bones make up the nasal complex (superior and lateral walls of nasal cavity and bridge of nose) |
- Superior walls: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid - Lateral walls: maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid, inferior nasal conchae - bridge of nose: maxillary, nasal bones |
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Mandibular ramus |
- Ascends from mandibular angle on either side - condylar process (posterior) articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint - coronoid process (anterior) is insertion point for temporalis muscles - mandibular notch separates condylar and coronoid processes |
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Hyoid bone |
- Supports the larynx - attaches muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue - only bone that does not articulate with another bone |
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Orbital complex |
- forms eye sockets - frontal bone: roof - maxillary bone: floor - maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid bones: orbital rim and medial wall - sphenoid and Palatine bones - zygomatic bones |
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Fontanels |
Areas of fibrous connective tissue that cover unfused sutures in infant skull |
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Vertebral column functions and bones |
- Protects the spinal cord, supports head and body, maintain position - 26 bones (24 vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx) |
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Naming of vertebrae |
- 7 cervical (C): 1 spinal process - 12 thoracic (T): each articulate with at least 1 pair of ribs, 2 spinal processes - 5 lumbar (L): 3 spinal processes |
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Spinal curves and are they primary or secondary? |
- primary: thoracic and sacral since they are present at birth - secondary: lumbar and cervical because they appear after birth |
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Kyphosis |
Abnormal thoracic curve that results in a humpback appearance |
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Lordosis |
Abnormal lumbar curve that appears as swayback or pregnancy |
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Scoliosis |
Is abnormal lateral curve |
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What are the parts of vertebrae? |
- body: transfers weight along the spine, has intervertebral discs (pads of fibrocartilage) - vertebral arch: posterior margin of vertebral foramen - articular processes: lateral projection between laminaeband pedicles |
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Parts of the vertebral arch |
- Pedicles: walls of vertebral arch - laminae: roof - spinous process: projection where vertebral laminae fuse - transverse process: 2 projections where laminae join pedicles |
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Articular process parts |
-Superior and inferior processes (2 of each) that have articular facets on articular faces - intervertebral foraminae allow nerve connections to spinal cord - vertebral canal encloses the spinal cord and is formed by vertebral foraminae |
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Vertebrae articulations |
C1 with skull L5 with sacrum |
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Cervical vertebrae |
C1-C7 Atlas is C1: articulates with occipital condyles (allows you to nod yes) and has no spinous processes Axis is C2: dens allows you to say no and has heavy spinous process |
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Thoracic vertabrae |
T1-T12 Heart shaped bodies with round foramen Articulate with ribs via costal and transverse facets |
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Lumbar vertebrae |
L1-L5 Oval shaped, thicker bodies with diamond shaped foramen |
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Sacrum functions |
Protect reproductive, urinary, and digestive organ's - attaches the axial skeleton to pelvic girdle of appendicular skeleton - attaches broad muscles that move the thigh |
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Sacrum characteristics |
- Adult: 5 fused sacral vertebrae that fuses between puberty and age 25-30, is curved more prominently in males - sacral canal replaces vertebral column - sacral promontory is at center of the base |
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Coccyx characteristics |
Attaches ligaments and constricting muscle of anus Mature coccyx has 3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae |
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Thoracic cage us made up of which bones? What is its function? |
- Contains ribs, t vertebrae, sternum - Provides protection and movement - attaches muscles for respiration, positioning vertebral column of pectoral girdle, and movement of arms |
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Types of ribs |
-True ribs are 1-7 and are connected to sternum by costal cartilage - 8-12 are false ribs and do not connect directly to sternum - 8-10 are vertebrochondral ribs because they merge with cartilage before reaching sternum - 11-12 are floating ribs because they have no connection with sternum |
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Parts of the sternum |
- manubrium: superior portion of sternum that articulates with clavicle and 1st rib pair - sternum body: tongue shaped, attaches to manubrium and costal cartilage of ribs 2-7 - xiphoid process: smallest part of sternum, attaches to diaphragm/rectus abdominis muscles |
