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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Galápagos Islands are named for _____. |
A. the giant tortoises
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The process that leads to the multiplication of species is generally called _____.
A. macroevolution B. microevolution C. artificial selection D. natural selection E. speciation |
A. macroevolution
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Which one of the following is an example of a postzygotic barrier?
A. differences in the timing of the reproductive seasons B. sperm that does not survive in a female's reproductive tract C. male and female sex organs that do not fit together D. differences in mating behavior E. the production of sterile hybrids |
E. the production of sterile hybrids
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Two animals are considered members of different species if they _____.
A. look different B. cannot interbreed C. live in different habitats D. are members of different populations E. are geographically isolated |
B. cannot interbreed
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Which of these is an example of temporal isolation?
A. The average weight of the individuals in one species is 100 pounds; in the other species, the average is 640 pounds. B. One species is found only in New York, the other only in London. C. One species cannot dance; the other only mates with species that can dance properly. D. One species is nocturnal, and the other species is diurnal (active during the day). E. One is a type of primate; the other is a type of marsupial. |
D. One species is nocturnal, and the other species is diurnal (active during the day).
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Sympatric speciation is _____.
A. the appearance of a new species in the same area as the parent population B. the process by which most animal species have evolved C. initiated by the appearance of a geographic barrier D. the emergence of many species from a single ancestor E. especially important in the evolution of island species |
A. the appearance of a new species in the same area as the parent population
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The _____ model describes the nongradual evolutionary changes in organisms.
A. gradualist B. neutral radiation C. incremental fitness D. punctuated equilibrium E. Darwinian |
D. punctuated equilibrium
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The origin of feathers predated the origin of flight; thus, feathers as an adaptation for flight is an example of _____.
A. natural selection B. exaptation C. paedomorphosis D. phylogeny E. mutation |
B. exaptation
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Which one of the following is an example of evo-devo?
A. paedomorphosis B. sympatric speciation C. allopatric speciation D. microevolution E. radiometric dating |
A. paedomorphosis
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Older fossils usually _____.
A. contain more radioactive isotopes than younger fossils B. are found in the deepest strata C. have the longest half-lives D. are found above younger fossils E. are found in sediments from the Cenozoic era |
B. are found in the deepest strata
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Because of plate tectonics, about 250 million years ago _____.
A. there were more than one hundred continents. B. Africa and Europe were separate landmasses C. the oceans had not formed D. all the landmasses were united in one supercontinent E. North America and South America were not connected |
D. all the landmasses were united in one supercontinent
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The naming and classifying of organisms is called _____.
A. biology B. polyploidy C. genetics D. taxonomy E. gradualism |
D. taxonomy
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Animals that possess homologous structures probably _____.
A. are headed for extinction B. shared a common ancestor C. have increased genetic diversity D. by chance had similar mutations in the past E. are not related |
B. shared a common ancestor
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Different species that occupy similar niches in isolated areas develop morphological similarities. This phenomenon is called _____.
A. artificial selection B. the founder effect C. convergent evolution D. adaptive radiation E. symbiosis |
C. convergent evolution
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The classification of organisms that is based exclusively on the evidence of evolutionary relationships is called _____.
A. morphological classification B. biological classification C. cladistics D. traditional classification E. systematic classification |
C. cladistics
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Feathers either play a role or may have played a role in _____.
A. courtship B. gliding C. flight D. extended hops E. all of the above |
E. all of the above
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_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.
A. Macroevolution B. Paedomorphosis C. gene flow D. genetic drift E. adaptive radiation |
E. adaptive radiation
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Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.
A. microevolution B. paedomorphosis C. gene flow D. genetic drift E. adaptive radiation |
E. adaptive radiation
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The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____.
A. gene flow B. mutation C. mass extinction D. paedomorphosis E. adaptive radiation |
E. adaptive radiation
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The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.
A. artificial selection B. adaptive radiation C. mass extinction D. gene flow E. paedomorphosis |
B. adaptive radiation
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According to island biogeography, what is the relationship between an island's distance from the mainland and the number of species present on the island?
A. The closer an island is to the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island. B. The farther an island is from the mainland, the larger the number of species found on the island. C. The farther an island is from the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island. D. The closer an island is to the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island; and the farther an island is from the mainland, the larger the number of species found on the island. E. There is no relationship between the distance from the mainland and the number of species found on an island. |
C. The farther an island is from the mainland, the fewer the number of species found on the island.
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Why is a new island more hospitable to colonizers than an older island is?
A. Competition is more intense on the newer island. B. Predation is less of a factor on older islands. C. The extinction rate is higher on the newer island. D. Competition is less intense on the newer island. E. The intensity of both competition and predation is less on the newer island. |
E. The intensity of both competition and predation is less on the newer island.
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What is the relationship between colonizing success and the number of species already established on an island?
A. As the number of established species on an island decreases, colonizing success also decreases. B. There is no relationship between the number of established species on an island and colonizing success. C. As the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success decreases. D. As the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success also increases. E. As the number of established species on an island decreases, colonizing success also decreases; and as the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success also increases. |
C. As the number of established species on an island increases, colonizing success decreases.
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The number of species on an island remains relatively constant when _____.
A. the rate of successful colonization is less than the extinction rate B. the rate of successful colonization equals the extinction rate C. the rate of successful colonization is greater than the extinction rate D. species richness increases E. none of the above |
B. the rate of successful colonization equals the extinction rate
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Humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes (or two sets). How many sets of chromosomes are found in each human gamete?
A. one B. two C. three D. four E. five |
A. one
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Humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in each human gamete?
A. 12 B. 23 C. 36 D. 45 E. 92 |
B. 23
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_____ is the process by which haploid gametes form a diploid zygote.
A. Embryogenesis B. Meiosis C. Gastrulation D. Fertilization E. Mitosis |
D. Fertilization
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A particular diploid plant species has 48 chromosomes forming 24 pairs. A mutation occurs, and gametes with 24 pairs of chromosomes are produced. If self-fertilization occurs, the zygote will have a total of _____ chromosomes.
A. 24 B. 48 C. 72 D. 96 E. 120 |
D. 96
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Which of these terms applies to an organism with extra sets of chromosomes?
A. monosomy B. haploid C. trisomy D. polyploid E. diploid |
D. polyploid
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Mutant tetraploid plants _____.
A. are usually sickly B. are able to interbreed with their parents C. have an odd number of chromosomes D. cannot produce fertile offspring when mated with a diploid plant E. are unable to self-fertilize |
D. cannot produce fertile offspring when mated with a diploid plant
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Most polyploid plants arise as a result of _____.
A. self-fertilization B. a mutation of gamete formation C. meiosis D. mitosis E. hybridization |
E. hybridization
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How do the skulls of adult chimpanzees and humans differ?
A. Adult chimpanzees have a less angled skull. B. Adult chimpanzees have less massive jaws. C. Adult chimpanzees have heavier brow ridges. D. Adult chimpanzees have flatter faces. E. Adult chimpanzees have more rounded faces. |
C. Adult chimpanzees have heavier brow ridges.
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What accounts for human infants having large heads on small bodies?
A. formation of the head before the rest of the body during fetal development B. paedomorphosis C. the need to get the infant out through the birth canal D. head cells having a different genotype than the cells of the rest of the body E. at birth the human head is not relatively large compared to the rest of the body |
B. paedomorphosis
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The phenomenon of paedomorphosis demonstrates how _____.
A. relatively large genetic changes can have a minor impact on phenotype B. relatively small genetic changes can have a major impact on phenotype C. chimpanzees and humans could not have a common ancestor D. adult chimpanzees are basically juvenile humans that have gained the ability to reproduce E. differences in the fetal skulls of chimpanzees and humans lead to very similar adult skulls |
B. relatively small genetic changes can have a major impact on phenotype
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Reptiles first appeared during the _____ era.
A. Paleozoic B. Triassic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic E. Jurassic |
A. Paleozoic
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Seed plants first appeared during the _____ era.
A. Paleozoic B. Triassic C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic E. Jurassic |
A. Paleozoic
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The _____ era is the era during which we live.
A. Tertiary B. Cenozoic C. Paleozoic D. Quaternary E. Mesozoic |
B. Cenozoic
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The first prokaryotic cells appeared during the _____ era.
A. Jurassic B. Tertiary C. Paleozoic D. Ediacaran E. Precambrian |
E. Precambrian
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Dinosaurs went extinct during the _____ era.
A. Devonian B. Precambrian C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic E. Carboniferous |
C. Mesozoic
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Animals first appeared during the _____ era.
A. Mesozoic B. Quaternary C. Precambrian D. Neogene E. Cenozoic |
C. Precambrian
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_____ were the dominant vertebrate life-forms during the Paleozoic era.
A. Amphibians B. Reptiles C. Sponges D. Dinosaurs E. Mammals |
A. Amphibians
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The Cenozoic era began approximately _____ million years ago.
A. 4,600 B. 570 C. 245 D. 65 E. 25 |
D. 65
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Life arose during the _____ era.
A. Precambrian B. Cenozoic C. Triassic D. Paleozoic E. Mesozoic |
A. Precambrian
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_____ were the dominant vertebrate life-forms during the Mesozoic era.
A. Dinosaurs B. Mammals C. Fish D. Birds E. Amphibians |
A. Dinosaurs
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Flowering plants first appeared during the _____ era.
A. Devonian B. Precambrian C. Mesozoic D. Cenozoic E. Carboniferous |
C. Mesozoic
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Most modern animal phyla evolved during the _____ era.
A. Paleozoic B. Permian C. Cenozoic D. Mesozoic E. Precambrian |
A. Paleozoic
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The Mesozoic era began approximately _____ million years ago.
A. 4,600 B. 570 C. 245 D. 65 E. 25 |
C. 245
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Bony fish first evolved during the _____ era.
A. Mesozoic B. Paleozoic C. Cenozoic D. Precambrian E. Cretaceous |
B. Paleozoic
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The Precambrian era began approximately _____ million years ago.
A. 4,600 B. 570 C. 245 D. 65 E. 25 |
A. 4,600
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Which one of the following statements about our current classification of life is true?
A. All prokaryotes are classified as either Bacteria or Fungi. B. The domain Eukarya includes only plants and animals. C. Two of the three domains include only organisms that have eukaryotic cells. D. A butterfly is a prokaryote classified in the domain Archaea. E. A rose, a jellyfish, and a Paramecium are eukaryotes classified in the domain Eukarya. |
E. A rose, a jellyfish, and a Paramecium are eukaryotes classified in the domain Eukarya.
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Macroevolution includes _____.
A. adaptation of populations over the short term B. increase in the number of species over time C. extinction of a single species D. merging of species E. loss of features such as feathers |
B. increase in the number of species over time
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Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. However, recent books show them as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Apparently, the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler _____.
A. live in the same areas B. successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring C. are almost identical in appearance D. are merging to form a single species E. live in different places |
B. successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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Imagine a scenario in which part of a population of South American finches is blown by a storm onto an island offshore and manages to survive and reproduce there for a period of 10,000 years. After that period, a climate change results in lower sea levels and the reconnection of the island with the mainland. Members of the formerly isolated island finch population can now interact freely with members of the original mainland population. Which of the following observations would, by itself, lead you to conclude unequivocally that the island finch population had evolved into a distinct species?
A. The island birds all have red feathers, but the mainland birds have only green feathers. B. Individuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile. C. Individuals from the different populations seem to mate freely with each other, and the resulting offspring mate freely with either island birds or mainland birds. D. Individuals from the different populations feed on the same kinds of seeds in the same habitats and frequently direct courtship behavior toward members of the other population. E. Hybrid offspring of matings between individuals from the two populations do not look like either parent. |
B. Individuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile.
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The biological species concept cannot be applied to organisms that _____.
A. have similar phenotypes B. breed in different habitats C. reproduce only asexually D. are sympatric E. all of the above |
C. reproduce only asexually
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Three species of frogs—Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica— all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a _____ barrier, called _____.
A. prezygotic barrier ... behavioral isolation B. postzygotic ... hybrid breakdown C. prezygotic ... temporal isolation D. postzygotic ... behavioral isolation E. prezygotic ... gametic isolation |
A. prezygotic barrier ... behavioral isolation
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Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of different species from mating with each other?
A. hybrid inviability B. hybrid sterility C. gametic isolation D. hybrid breakdown E. behavioral isolation |
E. behavioral isolation
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Two species of water lilies in the same pond do not interbreed because one blooms at night and the other during the day. The reproductive barrier between them is an example of _____.
A. temporal isolation B. gametic isolation C. mechanical isolation D. hybrid breakdown E. ecological isolation |
A. temporal isolation
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Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?
A. One species of frog mates in April; another mates in May. B. Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring. C. The sperm of a marine worm penetrate eggs of the same species only. D. One species of flower grows in forested areas, another in meadows. E. Two pheasant species perform different courtship dances. |
B. Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring.
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Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier?
A. One Ceanothus shrub lives on acid soil, another on basic soil. B. Mallard and pintail ducks mate at different times of the year. C. Two species of leopard frogs have different mating calls. D. The hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweeds always die before reproducing. E. Pollen of one kind of tobacco cannot fertilize another kind. |
D. The hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweeds always die before reproducing.
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Speciation is likely to occur in a population that has become allopatric if _____.
A. both populations are large and exhibit sufficient diversity of alleles B. it is a species of plant only; allopatric speciation does not occur in animals C. at least one of the populations is small D. nonrandom mating does not occur E. some individuals live in fresh water while others remain on land |
C. at least one of the populations is small
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Which of the following organisms are most likely to be subject to allopatric speciation?
A. whales of the same species on each side of the ocean B. pine trees in Alaska and pine trees in New Brunswick C. mountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the canyons of Utah D. fruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on oranges E. bacteria in a hospital and bacteria in a nursery |
B. pine trees in Alaska and pine trees in New Brunswick
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In which of the following groups has sympatric speciation been most important?
A. animals B. plants C. bacteria D. fungi E. protozoans |
B. plants
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A new species can arise in a single generation _____.
A. through geographic isolation B. in a very large population spread over a large area C. if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier D. if allopatric speciation occurs E. all of the above |
C. if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier
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Comparison of fossils with living humans seems to show that there have been no significant physical changes in Homo sapiens in 30,000 to 50,000 years. What might an advocate of punctuated equilibrium say about this?
A. It is about time for humans to undergo a burst of change. B. That is about how long we have been reproductively isolated. C. It is impossible to see major internal changes by looking at fossils. D. You would expect many changes in the skeleton in that period. E. Lack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model. |
E. Lack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model.
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What is the major problem that biologists see in the gradualist model of evolution?
A. Big changes could never occur by a steady accumulation of smaller ones. B. Populations do not adapt to the environment gradually. C. Most fossil species appear suddenly in the fossil record without transitional forms. D. This model does not fit Darwin's view of the origin of species. E. Gradual changes would not be expected to be observed in rock strata. |
C. Most fossil species appear suddenly in the fossil record without transitional forms.
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According to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution _____.
A. the tempo of evolution comprises abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium B. isolated species changing over a few thousand generations represent graduated equilibrium, not punctuated equilibrium C. polyploidy is not a mechanism of punctuated equilibrium D. intermediate forms do not leave fossil records E. none of the above |
A. the tempo of evolution comprises abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium
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Certain fish had bony fins that later evolved into the arms and legs of land animals. In this context, these bony structures are an example of a(n) _____.
A. exaptation B. clade C. genus D. paedomorphosis E. analogy |
A. exaptation
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Humans and chimpanzees have a common ancestor. The human skull and chimpanzee skull are more alike in fetuses than they are in adults. The human skull is an example of a feature that evolved by _____.
A. exaptation B. clade C. genus D. paedomorphosis E. analogy |
D. paedomorphosis
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If you want to see a dinosaur, it would be best to set the controls of your time machine for the _____.
A. Mesozoic era B. Paleozoic era C. Pleistocene epoch D. Carboniferous era E. Precambrian era |
A. Mesozoic era
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The oldest fossils have been dated to be approximately _____ years old.
A. 3.5 B. 38,000 C. 3.5 million D. 3.5 billion E. 3.5 trillion |
D. 3.5 billion
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Radiometric dating can be used to tell the age of a fossil by measuring _____.
A. the decay of radioactive atoms in the fossil B. the depth of the fossil under the ground C. the signals in the radio frequency that fossils emit D. the amount of biological decay that the fossil has undergone E. the measurement of the number of different chemical elements in the fossil |
A. the decay of radioactive atoms in the fossil
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Roughly, how long ago was all the land on Earth joined into the huge continent "Pangaea"?
A. 250 million years ago B. 150 million years ago C. 100 million years ago D. 50 million years ago E. 5 million years ago |
A. 250 million years ago
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Fossils of plants and animals from South America are very similar to those from West Africa because _____.
A. these parts of the world used to be physically joined together B. the organisms have recently spread across the Atlantic Ocean C. the organisms have been evolving separately for very long periods D. the organisms have recently spread across the Pacific Ocean E. these parts of the world are slowly drifting toward each other |
A. these parts of the world used to be physically joined together
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A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 1.2 billion years. As measured by the presence of the isotope and its stable decay product, a rock originally contained 10 grams of the radioactive isotope, and now contains 1.25 grams. How many years old is the rock?
A. 10,000 years B. 12 billion years C. 3.6 billion years D. 0.3 billion years E. 1,000 years |
C. 3.6 billion years
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The fauna and flora of Australia are very different from those of the rest of the world. Why might this be true?
A. They have become different by convergent evolution. B. The climate of Australia is unlike that of any other place in the world. C. Australia was never in close proximity to the other continents. D. Life in Australia was wiped out by ancient volcanic eruptions. E. Australia has been isolated for about 50 million years. |
E. Australia has been isolated for about 50 million years.
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Climate and sea-level changes caused by the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea _____.
A. probably had nothing to do with the Permian mass extinction B. were probably the sole reason for the Permian mass extinction C. probably contributed to the Permian mass extinction D. occurred well after the Permian extinction E. caused a giant tidal wave |
C. probably contributed to the Permian mass extinction
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What evidence most strongly suggests that an impact by an asteroid or meteorite may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?
A. Fossils show that dinosaurs suffered from cold and starvation. B. A 65-million-year-old crater has been found in the Caribbean Sea. C. There have been several near misses in recent years. D. The dinosaurs disappeared rather abruptly, virtually overnight. E. Fossils indicate that most dinosaurs were looking up when they died. |
B. A 65-million-year-old crater has been found in the Caribbean Sea.
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Which of the following would cast doubt on the asteroid impact hypothesis for the extinction of the dinosaurs?
A. finding a crater 200 million years old B. finding fossil dinosaur bones in strata older than that of a 65-million-year-old asteroid impact crater C. determining that birds are closely related to dinosaurs D. finding an abundance of fossil dinosaur bones in strata younger than that of a 65-million-year-old asteroid impact crater E. finding that many forms of marine life disappeared at the same time as the dinosaurs |
D. finding an abundance of fossil dinosaur bones in strata younger than that of a 65-million-year-old asteroid impact crater
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The Cretaceous extinctions were followed by the _____.
A. rapid diversification of mammals and birds B. appearance of hard-shelled marine organisms C. appearance of the first land plants D. adaptive radiation of dinosaurs E. appearance of insects |
A. rapid diversification of mammals and birds
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What do phylogenetic trees represent?
A. anatomical similarity B. the pattern of continental drift C. the evolutionary relationships among organisms D. the degree of similarity in the habitats occupied by different organisms E. none of the above |
C. the evolutionary relationships among organisms
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The dog family is the Canidae. Some well-known members of the dog family are the domestic dog, Canis familiaris; the coyote, Canis latrans; and the red fox, Vulpes fulva. Based on this information and the definition of phylogenetic taxonomy, we can conclude that the people who gave these animals these names believed that _____.
A. domestic dogs evolved from coyotes B. the common ancestor of foxes and domestic dogs is more ancient than the common ancestor of coyotes and domestic dogs C. domestic dogs and coyotes have a different ecological niche than foxes D. cats (family Felidae) and dogs have no common ancestors at any taxonomic level E. none of the above |
B. the common ancestor of foxes and domestic dogs is more ancient than the common ancestor of coyotes and domestic dogs
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The scientific study of the diversity of organisms is called _____.
A. systematics B. evolution C. taxonomy D. binomial nomenclature E. periodic table |
A. systematics
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Two worms in the same class must also be grouped in the same _____.
A. order B. phylum C. genus D. family E. species |
B. phylum
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Goldfish and guppies are in the same class. Therefore, they must also be members of the same _____.
A. order B. phylum C. genus D. family E. species |
B. phylum
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Which one of the following is the correct presentation of a species name?
A. Homo erectus B. Homo erectus C. homo erectus D. Homo Erectus E. erectus |
A. Homo erectus
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Two animals in the same family are not necessarily in the same _____.
A. genus B. kingdom C. order D. phylum E. class |
A. genus
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Put the following in order, beginning with the most general: class, family, genus, kingdom, order, phylum, species.
A. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species B. kingdom, class, phylum, family, order, genus, species C. kingdom, family, class, order, phylum, genus, species D. kingdom, family, order, class, phylum, genus, species E. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, species, genus |
A. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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The wings of birds and insects have the same function, but they do not have the same evolutionary origin. Bird and insect wings are _____.
A. homologous B. phylogenetic C. analogous D. binomial E. taxonomic |
C. analogous
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Which of the following would be the least useful in determining the relationships among various species?
A. DNA base sequences B. homologous structures C. fossils D. amino acid sequences of proteins E. analogous structures |
E. analogous structures
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Cacti are native to the Americas, while cactuslike euphorbs (relatives of Christmas poinsettias) are native to Africa. The most likely explanation for this is _____.
A. a founder effect B. radiation C. competitive exclusion D. coevolution E. convergent evolution |
E. convergent evolution
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Mammal hair evolved from the scales of reptiles. On the other hand, the "hair" on many insects, such as bees, has a completely different origin. These facts mean that the hair of mammals and the hair of insects are _____.
A. congruent structures B. homologous structures C. heterologous structures D. analogous structures E. none of the above |
D. analogous structures
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_____ evolution leads to _____ structures.
A. Convergent ... analogous B. Divergent ... congruent C. Parallel ... analogous D. Convergent ... homologous E. Divergent ... analogous |
A. Convergent ... analogous
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An example of a pair of organisms that have undergone convergent evolution is _____.
A. mice and bats B. birds and bats C. snakes and turtles D. whales and kangaroos E. clams and grasshoppers |
B. birds and bats
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Which one of the following methods to establish phylogenetic relationships among organisms has been developed most recently?
A. comparing morphology (shape and structure) B. comparing physiology (the functioning of structures and systems) C. comparing the component sequences of proteins and nucleic acids D. comparing behavioral patterns E. comparing embryonic development |
C. comparing the component sequences of proteins and nucleic acids
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A phylogenetic tree of bird families constructed by cladistic analysis would most clearly show which of the following?
A. characteristics shared by all bird families B. evolutionary relationships among families C. families that look most alike D. analogous structures shared by various species E. relative ages of living species of birds |
B. evolutionary relationships among families
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Members of what was the kingdom Monera are now divided into two major domains called the _____.
A. Bacteria and Plantae B. Fungi and Animalia C. Protista and Archaea D. Bacteria and Viruses E. Archaea and Bacteria |
E. Archaea and Bacteria
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The West Nile virus is more of a concern on the North American continent than in Europe. This is because ______.
A) the mosquito species that spreads the West Nile virus is not found in Europe B) in Europe, the mosquito species that spreads the West Nile virus has evolved mechanisms to kill the virus inside the mosquito before transmitting it to people C) the West Nile virus has never made it to Europe D) in Europe, the mosquito species that spreads the West Nile virus does not feed on birds or people E) in North America, the mosquito species that spreads the West Nile virus is a blend of two species that remain distinct in Europe and thus do not bite both birds and people |
E) in North America, the mosquito species that spreads the West Nile virus is a blend of two species that remain distinct in Europe and thus do not bite both birds and people
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Macroevolution includes ______.
A) the origin of evolutionary novelty B) explosive diversification following some evolutionary breakthrough C) mass extinctions D) the origin of new species E) all of the above |
E) all of the above
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Nonbranching evolution ______.
A) results in speciation B) often results in mass extinctions C) increases biological diversity D) is also called linear evolution E) occurs only in plants |
D) is also called linear evolution
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Biological species consist of groups of ______.
A) populations B) individuals C) families D) phyla E) genera |
A) populations
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On what basis are populations assigned to the same biological species?
A) a very similar appearance B) being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring C) relating to the environment in the same way D) sharing a common ancestor E) having 99% of their genes in common |
B) being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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When brought together in a zoo, two species are capable of mating and producing fertile offspring. Why may they still be considered two distinct species?
A) Wild populations of the two species have different geographic distributions. B) In the wild, members of one species prey upon members of the other species. C) Zoos are not natural environments. D) The species are normally found in different habitats. E) The two species look very different. |
C) Zoos are not natural environments.
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The biological species concept cannot be applied to ______.
A) fungi that live on land B) bacteria that only reproduce asexually C) complex plants that have flowers D) simple plants that reproduce sexually E) animals that use asexual and sexual reproduction |
B) bacteria that only reproduce asexually
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A fossil species is distinguished mainly by ______.
A) its ecological niche B) its unique genetic history C) the number of body parts D) its appearance E) its molecular biology |
D) its appearance
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A reproductive barrier that prevents species from mating is an example of ______.
A) a pre-zygotic barrier B) hybrid inviability C) zygote mortality D) a post-zygotic barrier E) hybrid sterility |
A) a pre-zygotic barrier
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What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in which female fireflies only mate with males who emit light in a particular pattern?
A) habitat isolation B) hybrid sterility C) temporal isolation D) mechanical isolation E) behavioral isolation |
E) behavioral isolation
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The type of reproductive barrier that occurs when two species mate but fail to produce fertile hybrids is referred to as ______.
A) mechanical isolation B) temporal isolation C) habitat isolation D) a post-zygotic barrier E) behavioral isolation |
D) a post-zygotic barrier
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When two frog species, Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica, mate, the offspring die early in embryonic development. This is an example of ______.
A) hybrid sterility B) mechanical isolation C) behavioral isolation D) hybrid inviability E) temporal isolation |
D) hybrid inviability
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Speciation requires ______.
A) periods of rapid evolutionary change B) geographic isolation C) long periods of time D) a mass extinction so that new environmental opportunities will be available to the survivors E) genetic isolation |
E) genetic isolation
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Which of the following describes allopatric speciation?
A) A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. Through time the two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species. B) Two populations of fruit flies are unable to mate because their reproductive organs do not properly fit together. C) A tetraploid plant species evolves from a diploid ancestor. Both the tetraploid and diploid species are found in the same habitat. D) One population breeds in the fall; another population breeds in the spring. E) A male horse and a female donkey mate, producing a sterile hinny. |
A) A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. Through time the two subpopulations evolve into two distinct species.
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Sympatric speciation specifically excludes ______.
A) behavioral isolation B) mechanical isolation C) post-zygotic barriers D) geographic isolation E) temporal isolation |
D) geographic isolation
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Graphically, the gradualist model of speciation can be described as appearing as a ______.
A) Y B) W C) V D) horizontal line with vertical branches E) vertical line with horizontal branches |
A) Y
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A pattern of evolution in which most change in appearance takes place during a relatively short period of time fits the ______ model of speciation.
A) punctuated gradualism B) phyletic gradualism C) punctuated equilibrium D) homeostatic E) gradualistic |
C) punctuated equilibrium
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You are examining the fossil record and notice that through time a series of fossils exhibits very little change. During the period of time you are studying, this fossil lineage can be described as exhibiting ______.
A) genetic drift B) punctuation C) gradualism D) paedomorphosis E) stasis |
E) stasis
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Some fish have bony fins. If the body of water they are in dries out, these fins can be used to help the fish ʺwalkʺ to another body of water. In this context, bony fins are an example of ______.
A) an exaptation B) neoteny C) an evolutionary novelty D) punctuated evolution E) paedomorphosis |
A) an exaptation
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Feathers in birds appear to have first evolved for insulation but later conveyed a new advantage in helping create light aerodynamic surfaces. This switch in function is an example of ______.
A) linear evolution B) phyletic gradualism C) punctuated equilibrium D) convergent evolution E) an exaptation |
E) an exaptation
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21) Which of the following describes paedomorphosis?
A) starfish regenerating severed limbs B) rapid evolution in a small, isolated population C) two species evolving a similar appearance D) speciation as a result of a change in the number of sets of chromosomes E) the ability to reproduce evolving in caterpillars |
E) the ability to reproduce evolving in caterpillars
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The current geological era is the ______.
A) Paleozoic B) Cenozoic C) Precambrian D) Mesozoic E) Cambrian |
B) Cenozoic
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Uranium-235, with a half-life of 713,000,000 years, decays to lead-207. If a rock sample is determined to have one-quarter of the uranium-235 content it had when it formed, the age of the rock sample can be estimated to be approximately ______ years old.
A) 178 million B) 713 million C) 28.5 billion D) 178 billion E) 1.4 billion |
E) 1.4 billion
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Earthquakes are the result of ______.
A) the sunʹs pull on Earth B) the movement of continental plates against one another C) large buildings destabilizing Earthʹs surface D) massive explosions occurring beneath Earthʹs surface E) global warming |
B) the movement of continental plates against one another
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What name is given to the single supercontinent that formed near the end of the Paleozoic?
A) Gondwanaland B) Laurasia C) Omniland D) Pangaea E) Gondwana |
D) Pangaea
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Characid fishes are naturally found only in South America and Africa. Fossils of these fish are not found on any other continents. What is the most likely explanation of this distribution pattern?
A) These fishes arose in either Africa or South America and migrated across the South Atlantic Ocean to the other continent. B) Characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African and South American continents. C) Characid fishes first evolved where the fossils are found but were carried to South America and Africa by birds. D) Characid fishes arose in the South Atlantic Ocean and migrated to Africa and South America. E) Convergent evolution is the mechanism for this occurrence. |
B) Characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African and South American continents.
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Dinosaurs were extinct by the end of the ______.
A) Cretaceous B) Silurian C) Eocene D) Permian E) Devonian |
A) Cretaceous
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A period of mass extinction is often followed by ______.
A) explosive diversification B) nonbranching evolution C) global cooling D) stasis E) an asteroid impact |
A) explosive diversification
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______ is the study of biological diversity and relationships of organisms, past and present.
A) Tautology B) Taxonomy C) Epistemology D) Systematics E) Biogeography |
D) Systematics
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The science of naming, identifying, and classifying organisms is called ______.
A) biogeography B) zoography C) phylogeny D) specification E) taxonomy |
E) taxonomy
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Which of the following is a species name?
A) sapiens B) Nitzschia jouseae C) Sam D) diatom E) Rhizosolenia |
A) sapiens
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Which of the following taxonomic levels is most inclusive? A) order
B) genus C) family D) species E) class |
E) class
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Of the following taxonomic levels, species found within the same ______ are the most closely related.
A) family B) phylum C) class D) order E) domain |
A) family
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The wing of a bald eagle is ______ the wing of a penguin. A) convergent with
B) homologous to C) unrelated to D) analogous to E) identical to |
B) homologous to
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The wing of a penguin is ______ the flipper of a dolphin.
A) structurally identical to B) superior to C) divergent from D) paedomorphically similar to E) analogous to |
E) analogous to
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Homology is evidence of ______.
A) convergent evolution B) stasis C) punctuated evolution D) common ancestry E) paedomorphosis |
D) common ancestry
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Analogous structures are evidence of ______.
A) common ancestry B) divergent evolution C) stabilizing selection D) paedomorphosis E) convergent evolution |
E) convergent evolution
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Molecular systematics might include all of the following except ______.
A) nucleotide sequences B) metabolic pathways C) DNA sequences D) amino acid sequences E) anatomical similarities |
E) anatomical similarities
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Cladistic analysis identifies clades on the basis of ______. A) the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
B) analogous structures unique to each group C) homologous structures unique to each group D) last appearance in the fossil record E) first appearance in the fossil record |
C) homologous structures unique to each group
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Cladistic analysis indicates that crocodiles are more closely related to ______ than to ______.
A) birds . . . alligators B) snakes . . . birds C) lizards . . . birds D) turtles . . . birds E) birds . . . lizards |
E) birds . . . lizards
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Which one of the following is the only domain that contains eukaryotes?
A) Bacteria B) Animalia C) Plantae D) Archaea E) Eukarya |
E) Eukarya
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Evolution is based on ______.
A) the invocation of supernatural explanations B) faith C) ʺjust soʺ stories D) very little factual information E) evidence |
E) evidence
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In some zoos, rare crosses between a male lion and a female tiger have produced hybrid offspring called ligers. Male ligers are sterile but some female ligers are fertile. In the wild, lion and tiger ranges do not naturally overlap, making such a cross unlikely. Furthermore, the solitary behavior of tigers and the social organizations of lions create behavioral differences.
Applying the biological species concept, the production of ligers reveals that ______. A) a new species called ligers is forming B) tigers and lions are actually the same species C) tigers and lions are separate species D) lions are probably a subspecies of tigers E) lions and tigers do not share any common ancestors |
C) tigers and lions are separate species
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The natural differences in the ranges of wild tigers and lions is an example of ______.
A) a pre-zygotic barrier B) a post-zygotic barrier C) the bottleneck effect D) the impact of mutations E) sympatric speciation |
A) a pre-zygotic barrier
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The production of sterile male ligers is an example of ______.
A) sympatric speciation B) neutral evolution C) the founder effect D) a post-zygotic barrier E) a pre-zygotic barrier |
D) a post-zygotic barrier
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According to island biogeography, the farther an island is from the mainland, the ______.
A) smaller the island B) larger the island C) fewer the number of endemic species D) lower the rate of colonization E) higher the rate of colonization |
D) lower the rate of colonization
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According to island biogeography, the larger an island, the ______.
A) less the species richness B) greater the species richness C) less the diversity of available habitats D) farther it is from the nearest mainland E) closer it is to the nearest mainland |
B) greater the species richness
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Speciation as a result of genetic isolation without geographic isolation is referred to as ______.
A) spontaneous generation B) adaptive radiation C) allopatric speciation D) sympatric speciation E) parapatric speciation |
D) sympatric speciation
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______ first appeared during the Precambrian era.
A) Mammals B) Reptiles C) Amphibians D) Cyanobacteria E) Dinosaurs |
D) Cyanobacteria
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Which one of the following groups includes only prokaryotic cells?
A) Eukarya B) Protista C) Archaea D) Fungi E) Animalia |
C) Archaea
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The biological species concept cannot be applied to fossils. Which alternate approach to identifying species would be most useful for classifying fossil organisms?
A) an approach based on use of ecological resources B) an approach based on genetic history C) an approach based on measurable physical traits D) an approach based on molecular biology |
C) an approach based on measurable physical traits
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When two frog species, Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica, mate, the offspring die early in embryonic development. This is an example of ______.
A) hybrid sterility B) mechanical isolation C) reduced hybrid viability D) reduced hybrid fertility |
C) reduced hybrid viability
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You are examining the fossil record and notice that through time a series of fossils exhibits very little change. During the period of time you are studying, this fossil lineage can be described as exhibiting ______.
A) genetic drift B) punctuation C) gradualism D) equilibrium |
D) equilibrium
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Plate tectonics has been responsible for instances of all of the following except
A) volcanic explosions. B) sympatric speciation. C) allopatric speciation. D) mass extinction. |
B) sympatric speciation.
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The Permian mass extinction is associated with
A) an asteroid impact. B) global warming. C) the formation of Pangaea. D) the diversification of mammals. |
C) the formation of Pangaea.
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______ is the discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
A) Taxonomy B) Epistemology C) Systematics D) Biogeography |
C) Systematics
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Which of the following is a binomial?
A) sapiens B) Nitzschia jouseae C) diatom D) Rhizosolenia |
B) Nitzschia jouseae
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The wing of a penguin is ______ the wing of a butterfly.
A) structurally identical to B) superior to C) homologous to D) analogous to |
D) analogous to
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An ancestral species and all its evolutionary descendants define a ______.
A) outgroup B) clade C) genus D) ingroup |
B) clade
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Bird guides once listed the myrtle warner and Audubon's warner as distinct species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. However, recent books describe them as the eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Apparently, the two kinds of warblers...
A. live in the same areas B. successfully interbreed C. are almost identical in appearance D. are merging to form one species. |
B. successfully interbreed
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Which one of the following reproductive barriers is postzygotic.
A. One lilac species lives on acidic soil, another on basic soil. B. Mallard and pintail ducks mate at different times of year. C. Two species of leopard frogs have different mating calls. D. Hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweed always die before reproducing. E. Pollen of one kind of pine tree cannot fertilize another kind. |
D. Hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweed always die before reproducing.
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Mass extinctions...
A. cut the number of species to the few survivors left today. B. resulted mainly from the separation of the continents. C. occurred regularly, about every million years. D. were followed by diversification of the survivors. |
D. were followed by diversification of the survivors.
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The animals and plants of India are almost completely different from the species in nearby Southeast Asia. Why might this be true?
A. They have become separated by convergent evolution. B. The climates of the two regions are completely different. C. India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia. D. India was a separate continent until relatively recently. |
D. India was a separate continent until relatively recently.
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An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species.
A.convergent evolution B. speciation C. systematics D. paedomorphosis |
B. speciation
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The definition of a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential in nature to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
A. cladistics B. punctuated equilibria C. biological species concept allopatric speciation |
C. biological species concept
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A group of populations whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed.
A. Kingdom B. family C. phyla D. species |
D. species
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Anything that prevents individuals of closely related species from interbreeding, even when populations of the two species live together.
A. prezygotic barrier B. reproductive barrier C. postzygotic barrier E. sympatric speciation |
B. reproductive barrier
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A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization of eggs if members of different species attempt to mate.
A. prezygotic barrier B. postzygotic barrier C. reproductive barrier D. allopatric speciation |
A. prezygotic barrier
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A reproductive barrier that operates if interspecies mating occurs and forms hybrid zygotes.
A. prezygotic barrier B. postzygotic barrier C. reproductive barrier D. allopatric speciation |
B. postzygotic barrier
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The formation of a new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.
A. allopatric speciation B. sympatric speciation C. Convergent evolution D. speciation |
A. allopatric speciation
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The formation of a new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.
A. macroevolution B. punctuated equilibria C. speciation D. sympatric speciation |
D. sympatric speciation
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In the fossil record, long periods of little apparent change (equilibria) interrupted (punctuated) by relatively brief periods of sudden change.
A. sedimentary equilibria B. geologic equilibria C. punctuated equilibria D. macroevolution |
C. punctuated equilibria
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Evolutionary change above the species level, including the origin of evolutionary novelty and new taxonomic groups and the impact of mass extinctions on the diversity of life and its subsequent recovery.
A. biological species concept B. macroevolution C. taxonomy D. speciation |
B. macroevolution
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Evolutionary developmental biology, which studies the evolution of developmental processes in multicellular organisms.
A. systematics B. evo-devo C. taxonomy D. analogy |
B. evo-devo
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The retention in the the adult features that were juvenile in ancestral species.
A. paedomorphosis B. cladistics C. genus D. binomial |
A. paedomorphosis
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A time scale established by geologists that reflects a consistent sequence of geologic periods, grouped into four divisions: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
A. convergent time scale B. evolutionary time scale C. geologic time scale D. phylogenetic time scale |
C. geologic time scale
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A method for determining the age of fossil and rocks from the ratio of a radioactive isotope to the nonradioactive isotope(s) of the same element in the sample.
A. carbon dating B. isotopic dating C. radioactive dating D. radiometric dating |
D. radiometric dating
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A discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
A. systematics B. taxonomy C. biological classification D. phylogenetic trees |
A. systematics
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The branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species.
A. genus B. cladistics C. taxonomy D. analogy |
C. taxonomy
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A two-part Latinized name of a species; for example, Homo sapiens
A. genus B. binomial C. kingdom D. phyla |
B. binomial
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In classification, the taxonomic category above species; the first part of a species' binomial; for example, Homo.
A. genus B. phyla C. order D. domain |
A. genus
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In classification, the taxonomic category above genus.
A. clade B. phyla C family D. domain |
C family
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In classification, the taxonomic category above family.
A. phyla B. domain C. class D. order |
D. order
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In classification, the taxonomic category above order.
A. phyla B. class C. domain D. clade |
B. class
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In classification, the taxonomic category above class and below kingdom. Members of this category all have a similar general body plan.
A. phylum B. clade C. domain E. kingdom |
A. phylum
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In classification, the broad taxonomic category above phylum.
A. domain B. species C. kingdom D. population |
C. kingdom
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A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three groups within this category of life are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
A. species B. domain C. class D. family |
B. domain
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A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships between organisms.
A. family tree B. classification tree C. evolutionary tree D. phylogenetic tree |
D. phylogenetic tree
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The evolution of similar features in different evolutionary lineages, which can result from living in vary similar environments.
A. convergent evolution B. divergent evolution C. selective evolution D. environmental evolution |
A. convergent evolution
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The similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than decent from a common ancestor with the same trait.
A. common traits B. family traits C. analogy D. convergent traits |
C. analogy
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The study of evolutionary history; specifically, an approach to systematics in which organisms are grouped by a common ancestry.
A. evolutionary structure B. cladistics C. systematics D. speciation |
B. cladistics
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An ancestral species and all its descendants- a distinctive branch in the tree of life.
A. limb B. leave C. clade D. carpel |
C. clade
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A system of taxonomic classification based on three basic groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
A. three domains B. three groups C. three classes D. three phyla |
A. three domains
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