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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genome
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the full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA
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Karyotype
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Shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size
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How many chromosomes are there in the human genome?
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46 grouped in 23 pairs
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Sex chromosomes
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Two chromosomes that determine an individual's gender
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Female sex chromosome
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XX
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Male sex chromosome
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XY
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Autosomes
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The remaining 44 chromosomes in the human genome (22 pairs)
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many human traits follow a simple pattern of ________________.
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Dominance
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Example of a trait determined by multiple alleles
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The ABO blood group (IA, IB, & i)
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Sex-linkage
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a sex-linked gene is a gene located on a sex chromosome
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Pedigree
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A chart that shows the relationships within a family and shows the prescence/absence of a trait according to the relationship between parents, siblings, and offspring (any species)
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How is a pedigree usefull?
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The information gained from pedigree analysis makes it possible to determine the nature of genes ad alleles associated with in herited human traits.
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Restriction enzymes
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enzymes produced by bacteria that cut large DNA molecules into precise pieces so they can be analyzed
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Gel electrophoresis (definition)
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A techique used to separate and analyze differently sized DNA fragments that have been cut by restriction enzymes
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Gel electrophoresis (steps pt. 1)
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1. A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porus gel
2. An electric voltage is applied and the negitively charged DNA molecules move towards the positive end of the cell (The smaller DNA fragments moce faster and farther) |
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Gel electrophoresis (steps pt. 2)
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1. Single stranded DNA fragments are placed in a test tube containing DNA polymerase (the enzyme that copies DNA) along with 4 nucleotide bases - A, T, G, and C
2. As the enzyme goes to work, it uses the unknown strand as a template to make one new DNA strand after another 3. Researchers add a small number of bases that have a chemical dye attached. Each time a dye-labeled base is added to a new DNA strand, the synthesis of that strand stops, which results in a series of color coded DNA fragments of different groups |
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The Human Genome Project
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A 13 year, international effort with the main goal of sequencing all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA and identifying all human genes. The HGP pinpointed genes and associated particular sequences in those genes with numerous diseases and disorders. It also identified about 3 million locations where single-base DNA differences occur in humans.
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Bioinformatics
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Application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data
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Genomics
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The study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions
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Benefits of the HGP
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It may help us find Dna sequences associated with diabetes, cancer, and other health problems, catalyzed the US biotechnology industru, and fostered the development of new medical applications
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Problems with the HGP
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Privacy, fairness in the use of and access to geonomic information, medical issues, and commercialization (ex. Who owns and controls genetic information?)
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