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293 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T/F Milipedes and centipedes are arachnids?
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False; diplopoda and chilopoda
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List one of the ways in which humans have resulted in certain species becoming pests?
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Colorado potato beetle is native the U.S. and only became a pest after potatoes were introduced to the area.
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the living component of the insect's outside body wall is the --?
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epidermis
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about what percent of all insect species are considered to be pests?
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less than 1% (0.5%)
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what is the only arthropod class capable of flight?
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hexapoda
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in addition to sap removal, what damage can piercing-sucking mouth parts cause to plants?
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They can transmit diseases by going from one plant to another
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T/F In an insect with typical chewing mouthparts, the mandibles function both as a pair of jaws for chewing food and by the way of their palps as sensory organs used during the feeding process.
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False; Mandilbles do not have palps
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what is the biggest reason humans choose certain services?
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availability of data
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T/F the flight wings of flies are located on the mesothorax?
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True
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What are some functions of a modified first pair of legs?
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digging, swimming
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which of the following structures are not found on the insect head? ocelli, antennae, cerci, palps.
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cerci
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T/F the elytra are modified wings.
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True
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name a group of insects that is secondarily flightless.
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lice, fleas
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T/F worker bees are derived from fertilized eggs. Males are derived from unfertilized eggs.
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True
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Which of the following is not covered with cuticle? tracheae, foregut, midgut, hindgut.
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midgut
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T/F Gas exchange is an important function of insect blood.
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False
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name the part of the insect excretory system that removes waste ions from the hemolymph.
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malpighian tubule
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T/F Immature dragonflies are naiads.
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true; naiads are aquatic
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T/F Diapause is initiated when the environment becomes intolerable.
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False; diapause happens BEFORE the environment becomes intolerable
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Name a group of insects that have paurometaboulous development.
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Grasshoppers
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T/F most members of orthoptera are plant feeders.
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True
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What is the term for the old exoskeleton left behind after the insect molts?
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exuvium
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which order of insects contains the largest number of species?
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coleoptera
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T/F the inert ingredients in a pesticide formulation are there as fillers and serve no other function.
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False; they can aid the efficacy of the pesticide.
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a liquid pesticide formulation may actually contain the active ingredient in the solid state. Name such a formulation.
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flowable
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name the type of pesticide formulation additive that by itself has no insecticidal activity, but somehow chemically increases the insecticidal effectiveness of the active ingredient.
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synergist
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name the chemical group of gases that are most commonly used in fumigants.
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halogens
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List the three approaches to practical implementation of biological control as outlined by DeBach's definition.
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Importation, Augmentation, Conservation
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What U.S. agency has the responsiblity to regulate classical biological control?
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USDA
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What is the most important group of natural enemies used in biological control?
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parasitic wasps.
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what is the common name of the lady beetle involved in control of cottony cushion scale?
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vedalia beetle
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in which of the three broad approaches to host plant resistance does insect death often occur?
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antibiosis
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pest resurgance usually involves a loss of ---.
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natural enemies
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what is one reason why host plant resistance isn't the perfect option for controlling all plant feeding pests?
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pests can sometimes benefit from the control methods
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name on factor that can influence how rapidly insecticide resistance might occur in a population.
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number of generations per year
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the establishment of uncultivated 'beetle banks' in the center of a field is an example of -- biological control.
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conservation
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T/F gene mutations that result in insecticide resistance are caused by previous exposure to the same insecticide.
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False. The mutations occur randomly.
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What are a few examples of sanitation?
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cleaning up, plowing, harvesting infested trees
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reginald painted proposed three categories of host plant resistance. what is another term for non-preference?
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antixenosis
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T/F alfalfa weevil larvae feed on plant growing points and leaves, adults go into diapause.
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true
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what are three aphid pests of alfalfa?
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pea aphid, cowpea aphid, and spotted alfalfa aphid
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which pest are these traits referring to? Feeds on a wide range of host plants, adults are very dispersive and migrate to WI each spring, sweep nets are used to monitor them.
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potato leafhopper
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name the host plant resistance characteristic that is being evaluated for control of potato leafhopper in alfalfa.
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glandular hairs
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besides soybean, what is the required host plant for soybean aphid?
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buckthorn
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which pest are these traits referring to? there are only makes during summer, both winged and non winged forms are present on soybeans, most virus transmission is by winged aphids.
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soybean aphid
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when are where do soybean aphids lay their eggs?
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fall, on buckthorn
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other than lady beetles, name one of the common types of generalist predators found in alfalfa fields.
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minute pirate bug, spiders
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what stage of the european corn borer overwinters?
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larva
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what stage of the potato leafhopper overwinters?
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migratory
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what stage of the western corn rootworm overwinters?
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egg
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what stage of the bean leaf beetle overwinters?
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adult
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what is unique about the varient population of western corn root worms?
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they lay their eggs in soybean preceding corn
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T/F crop rotation is an effective cultural control for the european corn borer.
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false
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yellow sticky traps are placed in -- fields in august to determine whether or not varient corn rootworms are needed to be controlled the next year.
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soybean
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what is IRM?
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insect resistant management
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what are three standard practices for monitoring bean leaf beetle?
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direct count, drop cloths, sweet nets
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what is the percentage refuge requirement for most hybrids?
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20%
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how are the trypanosomes that cause Chagas disease transmitted?
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fecal material from kissing bugs
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T/F most of the deaths caused by malaria occur in latin america.
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False. they occur in africa
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what is the most important reservoir for Lyme disease?
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white-footed mouse and shrews
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T/F malaria has a reservoir animal.
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false
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what are the two major strategies for controlling mosquitoes and malaria?
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mosquito nets and residual surface insecticidal sprays.
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T/F if left untreated, common cutaneous leishmaniasis will usually heal, but a scar may result.
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true
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which insect transmits Leishmania?
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sand flies
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name the gens of tick that transmits lyme disease.
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Ixodes
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T/F most types of insects reproduce by some form of parthenogenesis.
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False; sexually
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T/F centipedes are scavengers.
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False; predators
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T/F The most common dispersion pattern of insect populations is aggregated.
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True
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T/F voltinism of a species is constant across all locations.
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False.
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T/F the relative abundance of a species is constant across all locations.
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false
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T/F the belly of an insect is its ventral side.
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True
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T/F most synthetic insecticides are neurotoxins.
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true
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T/F ticks are mites. mites are arachnids.
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true
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T/F the amount of pesticide residue allowable in a specific food product is known as tolerance.
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true
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T/F ecdysis is the term for molting.
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true
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T/F the primary function of the thorax is locomotion.
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true
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T/F All insects with holometabolous development have a pupal stage.
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true
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T/F a pesticide with and LD50 of 200 is 10 times more toxic than a pesticide with and LD50 of 2000.
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true
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T/F insects are madibulate arthropods.
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true
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T/F potential natality is genetically determined; actual natality is usually impacted by the environment.
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true
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T/F pesticides are usually more highly toxic through oral exposure as compared to dermal exposure.
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true
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in many insect species, the male has larger antennae than the female. what is most likely the reason for this?
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mating selection...?
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an equivalent term for miticide is --.
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acaricide
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what is the living component of the insect integument?
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epidermis
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what is the term used to describle the process of hardening of the exoskeleton?
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schlerotization
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list the two body regions of a spider.
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cephlothorax and abdomen
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when chewing insects remove leave tissue from plants, this damage is called what?
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defoliation
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what are the fleshy walking apendages on the abdomen of a caterpillar?
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prolegs
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what are three common functions ofthe arthropod exoskeleton?
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protection, moisture retention, attachment site for organs
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which order has flight wings only on the mesothorax?
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diptera
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which order has flight wings only on the metathorax?
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dermaptera (leathery front wings)
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what is ecdysome?
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a hormone released which initiates ecdysis
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what is elytra?
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the leathery front wings of coleoptera
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what is the exuvium?
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the "shell" of the exoskeleton left after an insect undergoes ecdysis
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what is a pesticide common name?
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a universal, non-scientific name used in common language to describe a pesticide.
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what is chitin?
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one of the materials that the exoskeleton is made of
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give two features of many agroecosystems that differ from most natural ecosystems.
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uniderectional nutrient cycling, decreased biodiversity
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the stinger of a bee or wasp is a modified --.
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ovipositor
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list two introduced insect species that are now pests in the united states.
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gypsy moth, africanized bees
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give one function of wing veins.
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keeping tissue alive by getting nutrients and water to the cells of the wings
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the external openings of the insect respiratory system are the --.
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spiracles
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siphoning mouthparts are most commonly associated with what order of insects?
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lepidoptera
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which of the mouthparts was not evolutionarily derived from segmental appendages?
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labrum
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acetylecholine is a neurotransmitter that works --- the nerve cells.
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between
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what are the three levels of pesticide toxicity trigger words?
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caution, warning, danger
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what are three functions of insect blood?
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nutrient transport, water storage, transport of waste
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cabbage looper feeds only on foliage. what kind of pest is it to cabbage?
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direct
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T/F insect parasitoids have complete metamorphosis and each individual only kills one host.
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true
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where would you look to find the pronotum?
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top of the first thoracic segment
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which of the following does NOT have a piercing-sucking mouthparts? mosquito, lady beetle, bed bug, aphid.
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lady beetle
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T/F the larval stage of fleas are scavengers.
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true
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what are three formulations designed to be mixed with water for application?
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wettable powders, flowables, soluble powders
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the first successful example of biological control involved biological control between which two insects?
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cottony cushion scale and vedalia beetle
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crop pest populations should be controlled at the economic threshold in order to prevent --- and ---.
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economic loss, the population from reaching the economic injury level
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if a pesticide label states the it is a "restricted use pesticide" that means that you much -- in order to use the product.
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recieve training and certification from the state
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why have halogen-containing fumigants been discontinued?
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depletion of the ozone layer
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in the "integrated control" paper by stern, methods of integrating what were described?
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chemical control and biological control
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T/F resistance traits are heritable.
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true
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T/F resistance traits do not necessarily kill insects.
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true
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mcdonalds stopped using which bt crop?
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potatoes
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what are three orders that are targets of Bt?
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coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera
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what are three synthetic organic insecticides?
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neonicotinoids, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates
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the starlink event related to GE feed crops contaminating ---.
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food
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what are two formulations that require agitation?
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emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders
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what are two formulations that do not require agitation?
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solutions, soluble powders
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what are dust formulations no longer used in agriculture?
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the tend to stay airborne and drift from the target
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T/F Bt as a pesticide is considered as reduced-risk, biorational, and microbial.
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true
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ultra-low volume formulations are specifically designed to be used where?
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aircraft
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what is the most widely used insecticide group today?
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synthetic pyrethrods
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what is neem (type of insecticide)?
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botanical
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what type of insecticide is DDT?
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organochlorine
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what type of insecticide is possibly involved in honey bee colony colapse disorder?
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neonicotinoids
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what order of natural enemies has been most important in biological control?
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hymenoptera
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if you see in insecticide by the name of goodbug 2F, what does the number 2 tell you?
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2lb AI/gallon formulation
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what are two ways to prevent insecticide resistance?
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rotate between two insecticides, only spray when necessary
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what is a diluent?
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a substance used to dilute something
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what is an emulsifier?
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a substance that stablizes an emulsion
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what is a spreader/sticker?
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a substance that causes an insectide to stick to where it is intended to be applied
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name the botanical insecticide that has both repellant and insect growth regulator types of activity?
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neem
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name the genus of bacteria that is used as a gene carrier in GE crops.
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agrobacterium
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name one type of resource that a pest's natural enemy may need that might not exist in a typical monoculture.
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habitat/alternative grounds for mating and feeding. ie) blackberries and plums in grape vineyards
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how is HPR environmentally friendly?
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it reduces pesticide use
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how is HPR economically friendly?
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less money on pesticides etc
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how is HPR specific?
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it defends only against pests that would feed/live off of the crop
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what are the three types of HPR?
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antibiosis, antixenosis, and tolerance
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what are two ways importation and augmentation differ?
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importation is permanent, importation uses exotic species
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what is the term used for an insecticide that can move through a leaf from one side to another but is not truly systematic?
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trans-laminar
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what are three examples of cultural control?
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sanitation, disrupt continuity such as rotation, diversions such as trap cropping
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T/F in some cases, insecticides can directly cause certain pests to reproduce at a higher rate.
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true
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T/F the USDA regulates biological control.
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true
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T/F HPR often relies on genes from totally different species.
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false
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T/F pest resurgence is usually caused by pesticide resistance.
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false; loss of natural enemies
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T/F the tachinidae is an important family of parasitoids in the diptera.
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true
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T/F resistance to insecticides tends to occur more in univoltine insects as compared to multivoltine insects.
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false
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T/F a flowable pesticide formulation is considered to be a liquid formulation.
|
true, even though AI is solid
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T/F the first gene gun used in GE was actually a real gun.
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true
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T/F the EPA has sole authority over pesticide regulation.
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false; states have a say
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T/F the first known case of insecticide resistance occured with DDT and San Jose scale.
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false
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T/F most cases of insecticide resistance occur in medically important insects.
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true
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T/F it has been shown that the pollen from Bt corn, when ingested by larvae actually causes reductions in field populations of the monarch butterfly.
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false
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T/F insecticidal baits generally contain fairly low amounts of active ingredient.
|
true
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T/F the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act established that it was illegal to use a pesticide in any manner not specified on the label.
|
true. FEPCA!
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where is the alfalfa weevil native to?
|
iran
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what stages does alfalfa weevil overwinter in?
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adult and egg
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what is the voltine-ness of the alfalfa weevil?
|
univoltine
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where and when do alfalfa weevils feed on the plants?
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first crop; growing points and leaves
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what visual cue indicates alfalfa weevil on a field?
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skelotonization (gray fields)
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how many degree days does alfalfa weevil need?
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250
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how is alfalfa weevil detected?
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sweep net
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what percent of feeding is threshold for alfalfa weevil?
|
40%
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what is the egg parasitoid that attacks alfalfa weevil?
|
anaphes luna
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what is the larval fungus that attacks alfalfa weevil?
|
erynia phytononia
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what order is alfalfa weevil in?
|
coleoptera
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what order is the blotch leaf miner in?
|
diptera
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what color does alfalfa blotch leaf miner cause fields to turn?
|
white
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how many generations/year does alfalfa blotch leaf miner have?
|
three
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when should alfalfa be sprayed for blotch leaf miner? what percent of pinholes..
|
30-40%
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what is the biggest aphid pest of alfalfa?
|
pea aphid
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how many aphids/sweep are the limit for chemical control?
|
100
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does pea aphid need to alternate between woody and vegetative hosts like other aphids?
|
no
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what are a few predators of aphids?
|
green lacewings, lady beetle, minute pirate bug
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|
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what order is potato leaf hopper in?
|
homoptera
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what type of mouthparts does potato leaf hopper have?
|
piercing/sucking
|
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T/F all stages of the potato leaf hopper cause damage.
|
true
|
|
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what is "hopper burn"?
|
v-shaped yellowing on alfalfa caused by potato leaf hopper
|
|
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what is the greatest pest of alfalfa in north america?
|
potato leaf hopper
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where does potato leaf hopper migrate to?
|
Lousiana/ the gulf
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is biocontrol effective for the potato leaf hopper?
|
no; they are too fast
|
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are potato leaf hoppers native to the US?
|
yes
|
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what is the most effective control of potato leaf hopper?
|
chemical
|
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what is the name for the wingless form of aphids?
|
apterous
|
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what is the name for the winged form of aphids?
|
alate
|
|
|
what are the two plant hosts of soybean aphids?
|
soybean, buckthorn
|
|
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what is an indirect damage caused by soybean aphid?
|
honey dew
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what virus does soybean aphid honey dew cause?
|
mosaic virus
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|
|
soybean aphids insert mouthparts into/between plant cells.
|
between
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|
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disease transmission via soybean aphids is dangerous among which crop?
|
snap beans
|
|
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what is the economic threshold of soybean aphid?
|
200-250/plant
|
|
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when is the best time to spray soybean aphid?
|
R1-R5 (larvae)
|
|
|
what are two biological predators of soybean aphid?
|
lady beetle and minute pirate bug
|
|
|
what is unique about a parasitized soybean aphid?
|
it looks like a mummy
|
|
|
what is 'natural enemy lag time'?
|
where the pest surges in population, peaking before its natural enemies do
|
|
|
what order is the bean leaf beetle in?
|
coleoptera
|
|
|
where does the bean leaf beetle overwinter?
|
leaf litter and crop residue
|
|
|
what virus does bean leaf beetle transmit?
|
bean pod mottle virus
|
|
|
what type of pesticide is used against bean leaf beetle?
|
neonicotinoids
|
|
|
what are a few natural enemies of bean leaf beetle?
|
tachinid flies, a parasitic mite, and a fungal infection
|
|
|
the two-spotted spider mite penetrates between/into the plant cells.
|
into; causes stippling
|
|
|
how far away from the Bt crop is the refuge allowed to be?
|
1/2 mile
|
|
|
what stage of the corn root worm feeds on the corn roots?
|
larval
|
|
|
how many generations of corn rootworm are there per year?
|
one
|
|
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where do adult corn rootworms feed?
|
stalks
|
|
|
what type of insecticide is used on corn rootworm?
|
neonicotinoid
|
|
|
what level of node damage is considered effective control of corn root worm?
|
0.5
|
|
|
what is the threshold for a variant strain of corn rootworm?
|
12/trap/day
|
|
|
how many generations of european corn borer are there per year?
|
2
|
|
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which instar overwinters for european corn borer?
|
5th
|
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which instar of european corn borer bores into the stalk?
|
3rd
|
|
|
how many generations of western bean cutworm are there per year?
|
one
|
|
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how is the bean cutworm scouted?
|
pheromone jugs
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|
|
which crop did IPM start in?
|
cotton
|
|
|
what is interesting about using organically legal pesticides and its effect on the lady beetle as a natural enemy?
|
the 3rd instar is much less effected than the 1st instar
|
|
|
what type of pathogen is malaria?
|
protezoan
|
|
|
what type of pathogen is river blindness?
|
nematode
|
|
|
what type of pathogen is leishmaniasis?
|
protozoan
|
|
|
what type of pathogen is Lyme disease?
|
bacteria
|
|
|
how is lyme disease identified?
|
blood samples and bulls eye rash
|
|
|
how is lyme disease treated?
|
with antibiotics
|
|
|
how many legs does a tick nymph have?
|
8
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how many legs does a tick larva have?
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6
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what stage of ticks is most responsible for disease transmission?
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nymph
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what are three animals that are reservoirs for lyme?
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white-footed mouse, shrews, and chipmunks
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how many years is a tick lifecycle?
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2
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-- forests increases tick populations and disease transmission
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fragmented
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how is malaria transmitted?
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by oocytes in the mosquito midgut into the salivary glands
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what are three ways that malaria kills children?
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anemia, cerebral stress, low birthweight
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what mutation in blood is adapted to fight malaria?
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sickle cell anemia
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|
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what percent of mosquito species are disease vectors?
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10%
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what do male mosquitoes feed on?
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nectar
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what genus of mosquito transmits malaria?
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anopholes
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what type of water does anopholes prefer?
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clean
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which insect transmits leishmania?
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sandfly
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what are the two forms of leishmania?
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dermal, visceral
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what is the death rate of visceral leishmania without medication?
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100%; liver and splean swelling
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where do sandfly larvae live?
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rocks, sands, and feces
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how is leishmania controlled?
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repellants, vaccinations, and control of sandfly
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|
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what is another name for trypanosomiasis?
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chagas
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the acute form of chagas is commonly seen in what age group?
|
children
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how many reservoirs does chagas have?
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hundreds
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how is chagas transmitted?
|
kissing bug feces
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|
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what is the best control of kissing bugs?
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survailence and monitoring and then spraying
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what is the effort in south america against kissing bugs and chagas?
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southern cone initiative
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what is winterbottoms sign?
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swollen lymphs; onset of sleeping sickness
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|
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what is the untreated fatality rate of sleeping sickness?
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100%
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|
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what type of pathogen is sleeping sickness?
|
protozoan
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what is the vector of sleeping sickness?
|
tsetse fly
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what is unique about the reproduction of the tsetse fly?
|
it larvaposits one at a time
|
|
|
what are three reservoirs of african sleeping sickness?
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pig family, antelope family, cattle
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|
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what are a few control methods of sleeping sickness?
|
bush clearing, trapping
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|
|
what type of pathogen is lymphatic filariasis?
|
nematode
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what is the vector of lymphatic filariasis?
|
mosquito (culex)
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|
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what is a common control for lymphatic filariasis?
|
balls in latrines, drug administration, sanitation
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|
|
what is another name for river blindness?
|
onchoceriasis
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|
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what is the vector of river blindness?
|
black fly
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|
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what is the second most cause of blindness in africa?
|
river blindness
|
|
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what are two symptoms of river blindness?
|
itching and nodules under the skin
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|
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where do black fly larvae live?
|
aerated water
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|
|
what insect is responsible for bubonic plague?
|
flea
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|
|
what are four types of endoparasites?
|
horse bot flies, cattle grub, sheep bot fly, human bot fly
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|
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what is gadding?
|
behavior response to cattle grub
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|
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what is interesting about sheep bot fly reproduction?
|
larvaposition
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|
|
what are three ectoparasites?
|
stable fly, horn fly, face fly
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|
|
which fly is responsible for pink eye?
|
face fly
|
|
|
what are a few methods of controlling cattle pests?
|
self scratchers, ear tags, body treatments
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|
|
what does arbovirus mean?
|
transmitted by bite or sting
|
|
|
what is encephalitis?
|
inflammation of the brain
|
|
|
what percent of west nile is asympomatic?
|
80
|
|
|
what ages are most at risk for CNS west nile?
|
elderly and very young
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|
|
is there a treatment for west nile?
|
no
|
|
|
how is west nile detected?
|
blood tests
|
|
|
what are three ways west nile is tranmitted?
|
mosquitoes, organ transplants, breast feeding
|
|
|
what group of animals is the biggest reservoir for west nile?
|
birds
|
|
|
what genus of mosquitoes transmits west nile?
|
culex
|
|
|
what is bridge feeding?
|
a wide range of animals few on by mosquitoes- leads to human infection
|
|
|
what are two types of control of west nile?
|
chemical sprays and minnows
|
|
|
where are most moquitoes in madison found to breed that carry west nile?
|
ditches
|
|
|
lice are -- compressed.
|
dorsally
|
|
|
when are lice most severe pests to animals?
|
winter
|
|
|
what disease do human lice transmit?
|
typhus
|
|
|
where do body lice live?
|
clothes
|
|
|
what disease do mites transmit?
|
scrub typhus
|
|
|
what mite feeds with a skylet and cement, then itches after it leaves?
|
chiggers
|
|
|
besides lyme, what are two diseases ticks transmit?
|
east coast fever and heartwater
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