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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
hormones
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Chemical messengers which regulate many body functions, such as growth, reproduction, temperature, metabolism, BP, etc.
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29.4 and 23
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exocrine glands
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Excrete chemicals for elimination carrying secretions to the skin surface or into a body cavity, includes sweat glands, salivary glands, and liver. Has ducts that carrry their secretions.
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29.4
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endocrine glands
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Secretes chemicals that are used inside the body, has no ducts and is release directly into surrounding tissue and blood.
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29.4
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Endocrine system uses __________ feedback.
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negative
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29.5
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Hypothalmus
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The primary link between the endocrine and nervous system. It is not a gland, it is a small region in the brain responsible for many functions and emotions.
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29.5
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Pituitary gland
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The "mater gland" b/c its secretions controls and regulates other endocrine glands. Located in the base of the brain and the size of a grape attach to the hypothalmus. Secretes 8 hormones.
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29.5-6
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Thyroid
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A endocrine gland that regulates body's metabolism through thyroxine (which needs iodine to produce) and regulates calcium through calcitonin, which lowers calcium levels.
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29.6-7
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Parathyroid gland responsibility
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Raises calcium by parathyroid hormone acting as an antagonist to calcitonin and stimulates break down of bone to release calcium.
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29.7
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Adrenal Gland
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A gland attach to the superior portion of the kidneys, and consist of 2 parts; the outer called the cortex, and the inner called the medulla.
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29.7
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Cortisol
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Release by the adrenal cortex (outer part) it acts to increase metabolic rate, using fat and protein for energy.
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29.7-8
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Aldosterone
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Release by the adrenal cortex (outer part) acts to reabsorb sodium and water from the urine, and excretes excess potassium if the body experiences a drop in BP or volume, a decrease sodium, or an increase of potassium.
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29.8
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Epinephrine/norepinephrine
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Release by the adrenal medulla (inner part) stimulates the sympathetic nervous receptors "fight or flight."
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29.8
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What type of gland is the pancreas?
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Both endo and exocrine.
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29.8
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Responsibility of the pancreas
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Secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic ducts. Regulates blood glucose with insulin and glucagon through the islets of Langerhan.
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29.8
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Action of glucagon
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Stimulates the liver to change glycogen into sugar and secrete it into the bloodstream.
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29.8
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What is the main source of the sex hormones?
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The gonads, for the males it's the testes, for the females it's the ovaries.
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29.9
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Diabetics
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A metabolic disorder in which the body's ability to metabolize simple carbohydrates is impaired.
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29.9
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What are the two primary fuels for cellular metabolism?
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oxygen and glucose
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29.9
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Diabetes mellitus
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"Sweet diabetics" An inability to sufficently metablolize glucose either b/c of lack of insulin or lack of cells response to glucose.
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29.9
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Type 1 diabetics
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"Juvenile diabetics" Damaged islet of Langerhans causing lack of insulin to no insulin at all.
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29.10
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Alcohol consumption effect on blood sugar:
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Lowers blood sugar by depleting glycogen stores in the liver.
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29.10
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Type 2 diabetics
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Most common types and is considered adult onset, often causes elevated blood sugar, thought to be caused by metabolic syndrome. Usually the pancreas produces enough insulin but the body can no longer effectively utilize it.
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29.11
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Risk factor for type 2 diabetics
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Excess weight, elevated BP, and high levels of blood lipids
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29.11
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S/s of type 2 diabetics
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Fatigue, nausea, increase urination, increase thirst, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, slow healing, alter LOC/mentation and seizures. Usually noted in middle age adults.
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29.11
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S/s hypoglycemia
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Increase HR, sweating, hunger (action of epi). Later signs include headache, mental confusion, slurred sheech, dilated pupils, and all the way to seizures and comas. May appear intoxicated due to slurred speech, lack of coordination, and hostile attitude.
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29.11-12
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Book range of hypoglycemia
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< 45 mg/dL
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29.12
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Standard dose of D-50
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25 grams IV over ~3mins
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29.13
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Common cause of hypoglycemia
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Too much insulin, not enough food
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29.12
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Hyperglycemia
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Blood sugar above normal range (80-120 mg/dL) possibly caused by insufficient insulin or too much food.
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29.13
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S/s of diabetic ketoacidosis DKA
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Deadly hyperglycemia
Polyuria Polydipsa (thirst) Polyphagia (hunger) N/V Increase HR due to dehydration Kussmaul respirations (deep, and rapid) warm dry skin dry mucous membranes Fruity breath odor Sometimes fever, abd pain and hypotension. |
29.14
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Rx of DKA
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Start IV infusion of 1 L of NS over 1st hour due to sever dehydration
Peak T waves may need sodium bicarb, call medical command. (Marked myocardial instability, may have high potassium. |
29.14
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Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
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Also known as hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma, is a metabolic derangement that occurs principally in type 2 diabetics. Characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of significant ketosis. Only 10% of pts are actually in a coma. Commonly presents with severe dehydration, neuro deficits. Commonly associated with AMI and DKA.
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29.14
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S/s of adrenal insufficiency
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Weakness, dehydration, body's inability to maintain BP, or inability to respond to stress, worsen by infection or stress.
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29.16
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The adrenal gland is important in regulating:
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Sodium, potassium, and water in body fluids.
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29.16
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Primary Vs Secondary Adrenal Insufficency
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Primary also known as Addison's disease is caused by atrophy or destruction of the adrenal gland.
Secondary is caused by decrease in ACTH secretion from pituitary gland which stimulates cortisol production. |
29.16
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Cushing's syndrome
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Excess cortisol production by the adrenal gland or by excessive use of cortisol or other similar steroid hormones.
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29.17
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S/s of Cushing's syndrome
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Weakness and fatigue
Depression and mood swings Increase thirst and urination Low blood sugar Weight gain Thinning of skin Increase acne, facial hair, and scalp hair loss Cessation of menstrual period Darkening of skin on the neck Obesity and poor growth in in children. |
29.17
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Adult hypothyroidism is sometimes called:
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myxedema
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29.18
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Myxedema coma
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Manifest of hypothyroidism caused by general slowing of the body's metabolic process due to the reduction or absence of thyroid hormone. Associated with localized accumulation of mucinous material in the skin. Lack of fever and presence of common.
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29.18
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S/s of hypothyrodism
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Fatigue, feeling cold, weight gain, and dry skin.
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29.18
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Thyrotoxicosis
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A toxic condition caused by excessive levels of circulating thyroid hormone.
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29.19
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Thyroid storm
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Rare life-threatening condition that may occur with thyroxtoxicosis. Symptoms include fever, severe tachycardia, N/V, alter mental status, and possibly heart failure.
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29.19
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