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42 Cards in this Set

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hormones
Chemical messengers which regulate many body functions, such as growth, reproduction, temperature, metabolism, BP, etc.
29.4 and 23
exocrine glands
Excrete chemicals for elimination carrying secretions to the skin surface or into a body cavity, includes sweat glands, salivary glands, and liver. Has ducts that carrry their secretions.
29.4
endocrine glands
Secretes chemicals that are used inside the body, has no ducts and is release directly into surrounding tissue and blood.
29.4
Endocrine system uses __________ feedback.
negative
29.5
Hypothalmus
The primary link between the endocrine and nervous system. It is not a gland, it is a small region in the brain responsible for many functions and emotions.
29.5
Pituitary gland
The "mater gland" b/c its secretions controls and regulates other endocrine glands. Located in the base of the brain and the size of a grape attach to the hypothalmus. Secretes 8 hormones.
29.5-6
Thyroid
A endocrine gland that regulates body's metabolism through thyroxine (which needs iodine to produce) and regulates calcium through calcitonin, which lowers calcium levels.
29.6-7
Parathyroid gland responsibility
Raises calcium by parathyroid hormone acting as an antagonist to calcitonin and stimulates break down of bone to release calcium.
29.7
Adrenal Gland
A gland attach to the superior portion of the kidneys, and consist of 2 parts; the outer called the cortex, and the inner called the medulla.
29.7
Cortisol
Release by the adrenal cortex (outer part) it acts to increase metabolic rate, using fat and protein for energy.
29.7-8
Aldosterone
Release by the adrenal cortex (outer part) acts to reabsorb sodium and water from the urine, and excretes excess potassium if the body experiences a drop in BP or volume, a decrease sodium, or an increase of potassium.
29.8
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
Release by the adrenal medulla (inner part) stimulates the sympathetic nervous receptors "fight or flight."
29.8
What type of gland is the pancreas?
Both endo and exocrine.
29.8
Responsibility of the pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic ducts. Regulates blood glucose with insulin and glucagon through the islets of Langerhan.
29.8
Action of glucagon
Stimulates the liver to change glycogen into sugar and secrete it into the bloodstream.
29.8
What is the main source of the sex hormones?
The gonads, for the males it's the testes, for the females it's the ovaries.
29.9
Diabetics
A metabolic disorder in which the body's ability to metabolize simple carbohydrates is impaired.
29.9
What are the two primary fuels for cellular metabolism?
oxygen and glucose
29.9
Diabetes mellitus
"Sweet diabetics" An inability to sufficently metablolize glucose either b/c of lack of insulin or lack of cells response to glucose.
29.9
Type 1 diabetics
"Juvenile diabetics" Damaged islet of Langerhans causing lack of insulin to no insulin at all.
29.10
Alcohol consumption effect on blood sugar:
Lowers blood sugar by depleting glycogen stores in the liver.
29.10
Type 2 diabetics
Most common types and is considered adult onset, often causes elevated blood sugar, thought to be caused by metabolic syndrome. Usually the pancreas produces enough insulin but the body can no longer effectively utilize it.
29.11
Risk factor for type 2 diabetics
Excess weight, elevated BP, and high levels of blood lipids
29.11
S/s of type 2 diabetics
Fatigue, nausea, increase urination, increase thirst, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, slow healing, alter LOC/mentation and seizures. Usually noted in middle age adults.
29.11
S/s hypoglycemia
Increase HR, sweating, hunger (action of epi). Later signs include headache, mental confusion, slurred sheech, dilated pupils, and all the way to seizures and comas. May appear intoxicated due to slurred speech, lack of coordination, and hostile attitude.
29.11-12
Book range of hypoglycemia
< 45 mg/dL
29.12
Standard dose of D-50
25 grams IV over ~3mins
29.13
Common cause of hypoglycemia
Too much insulin, not enough food
29.12
Hyperglycemia
Blood sugar above normal range (80-120 mg/dL) possibly caused by insufficient insulin or too much food.
29.13
S/s of diabetic ketoacidosis DKA
Deadly hyperglycemia
Polyuria
Polydipsa (thirst)
Polyphagia (hunger)
N/V
Increase HR due to dehydration
Kussmaul respirations (deep, and rapid)
warm dry skin
dry mucous membranes
Fruity breath odor
Sometimes fever, abd pain and hypotension.
29.14
Rx of DKA
Start IV infusion of 1 L of NS over 1st hour due to sever dehydration

Peak T waves may need sodium bicarb, call medical command. (Marked myocardial instability, may have high potassium.
29.14
Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
Also known as hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma, is a metabolic derangement that occurs principally in type 2 diabetics. Characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of significant ketosis. Only 10% of pts are actually in a coma. Commonly presents with severe dehydration, neuro deficits. Commonly associated with AMI and DKA.
29.14
S/s of adrenal insufficiency
Weakness, dehydration, body's inability to maintain BP, or inability to respond to stress, worsen by infection or stress.
29.16
The adrenal gland is important in regulating:
Sodium, potassium, and water in body fluids.
29.16
Primary Vs Secondary Adrenal Insufficency
Primary also known as Addison's disease is caused by atrophy or destruction of the adrenal gland.
Secondary is caused by decrease in ACTH secretion from pituitary gland which stimulates cortisol production.
29.16
Cushing's syndrome
Excess cortisol production by the adrenal gland or by excessive use of cortisol or other similar steroid hormones.
29.17
S/s of Cushing's syndrome
Weakness and fatigue
Depression and mood swings
Increase thirst and urination
Low blood sugar
Weight gain
Thinning of skin
Increase acne, facial hair, and scalp hair loss
Cessation of menstrual period
Darkening of skin on the neck
Obesity and poor growth in in children.
29.17
Adult hypothyroidism is sometimes called:
myxedema
29.18
Myxedema coma
Manifest of hypothyroidism caused by general slowing of the body's metabolic process due to the reduction or absence of thyroid hormone. Associated with localized accumulation of mucinous material in the skin. Lack of fever and presence of common.
29.18
S/s of hypothyrodism
Fatigue, feeling cold, weight gain, and dry skin.
29.18
Thyrotoxicosis
A toxic condition caused by excessive levels of circulating thyroid hormone.
29.19
Thyroid storm
Rare life-threatening condition that may occur with thyroxtoxicosis. Symptoms include fever, severe tachycardia, N/V, alter mental status, and possibly heart failure.
29.19