Emergency Care In The Streets: Chapter 34 Hematologic Emergencies

Front 1

Define hematopoietic system

Back 1

The system that includes all blood components and the organs involved in their development and production.

Hint 1

34.15

Front 2

What are the five functions of blood?

Back 2

Respiratory function-Trasport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissue to the lungs.
Nutritional Function-Carries nutrients including glucose, proteins, and fats from the digestive tract to the cells throughout the body.
Excretory Functions-Ferries wasted from cells to excretory organs.
Regulatory Functions-Transport hormones to their target organs and transmits excess internal heat to the surface of the body to be dissipated.
Defense Function-Carries defensive cells and antibodies to fight foreign organisms.

Hint 2

34.15

Front 3

What are the two main components of blood and their percentage?

Back 3

Plasma at 55% and formed elements at 45%.

Hint 3

34.3

Front 4

What does plasma consist of?

Back 4

92% water and 6 to 7% proteins, and the remainder consists of a variety of other elements including electrolytes, clotting factors, and glucose.

Hint 4

34.3

Front 5

What does the formed elements consist of?

Back 5

RBCs or erythrocytes, WBCs or leukocytes, and platelets or thrombocytes. Most is RBCs at ~99%.

Hint 5

34.3

Front 6

RBC production

Back 6

Production occurs within stem cells and is stimulated by a protein secreted by the kidneys in response to circulatory need. RBCs may take as long as 5 days to mature adn have an average life of about 4 months.

Hint 6

34.4

Front 7

What does a hemoglobin lab test identify?

Back 7

The percentage of hemoglobin found within in RBCs.

Hint 7

34.4

Front 8

What does a hematocrit lab test identify?

Back 8

The overall percentage of RBCs in the blood.

Hint 8

34.4

Front 9

Where are WBCs produced?

Back 9

They are derived from the stem cells, or cells that develop into other types of cells in the body.

Hint 9

34.4

Front 10

What is the responsibility of platelets?

Back 10

Clotting of the blood. ~2/3 circulates throughout the body, while the rest is stored in the spleen. Life span of ~11 days.

Hint 10

34.4

Front 11

What is the primary site of cell production?

Back 11

The bone marrow which may be found in most of the long bones plus the pelvis, skull, and vertebrae.

Hint 11

34.5

Front 12

What is the liver's role in the hematologic system?

Back 12

The liver produces the clotting factors found in blodd. It also filters the blood and removes toxins, essential for normal metabolism and homeostasis. As old RBC's enter the liver they are broken down into bile.

Hint 12

34.5

Front 13

What is the spleen's role in the hematologic system?

Back 13

Filtering and breakdown of erythrocytes, assist with the production of lymphocyte, and has an important role in homeostasis and infection control.

Hint 13

34.5

Front 14

ABO system

Back 14

The antigen classification given to blood. It indicates which antigens are found in the plasma membrane. O has no antigens, but has Anti A and B Antibodies. A has A antigen and Anit A Antibodies, etc.

Hint 14

34.5

Front 15

What is the universal blood donor?

Back 15

Type O, which can only receive type O in return.

Hint 15

34.6

Front 16

transfusion reaction

Back 16

An anaphylactic reaction to a blood transfusion due to receiving the wrong blood type. Usually occurs within the first 30 to 60 minutes of start of transfusion.

Hint 16

34.6

Front 17

Define anemia

Back 17

A hemoglobin or erythrocyte level that is lower than normal.
May be a result of acute or chronic blood loss or a decrease in production or increase in destruction of erythrocytes.

Hint 17

34.6

Front 18

Define autoimmune disorders

Back 18

Disorders in which the body identifies its own antigen as a foreign body and activates the inflammatory system.

Hint 18

34.15

Front 19

What is leukemia?

Back 19

A diseast that develops in the lymphoid system. Blood cells, particularly WBCs develop abnormally and/or excessively. Pts with leukemia experience frequent bleeding, bruising, infection, and fever.

Hint 19

34.7

Front 20

What is lympomas?

Back 20

A group of malignant diseases that arise within the lymphoid system. Classified as non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.

Hint 20

34.8

Front 21

What is polycythemia?

Back 21

Overabundance or overproduction of RBCs. May be caused by a rare disorder originating in a single stem cell or an existing disease such as CHF or hypertension. Can arise in pts at high attitudes for a long time.

Hint 21

34.8

Front 22

What are the s/s of polycythemia?

Back 22

Stokes or TIAs, headaches, and abdominal pain (usually due to enlarged slpeen).

Hint 22

34.8

Front 23

What is hemophilia?

Back 23

A bleeding disorder in which clotting does not occur or occurs insufficiently. Primarily found in males. Spontaneous intracranial bleeding is common in hemophilia and is a major cause of death.

Hint 23

34.8-9

Front 24

What is sickle cell disease?

Back 24

Inheritied blood disorder. A gene defect of the adult-type hemoglobin. The defective RBCs are misshapen, making a poor oxygen carrier which makes the pt highly susceptible to hypoxia. Causes severe pain whnen it leads to aplastic crises, in which RBC production temporarily stops, or to hemolytic crises, in which the RBCs break down quickly.

Hint 24

34.9

Front 25

What is multiple myeloma?

Back 25

A disease in which an abnormal plasma cell infiltrates the bone marrow with a cancerous cell, causing tumors to form inside the bones. Pts are usually older than 40 years old and is more common in men than women.

Hint 25

34.9