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76 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
Which part of the brain filters out unneeded information from the cerebral cortex?
The diencephalon decides if it is important enough to pass on to the cerebral cortex of to just deal with it itself.
28.6
What part of the brain is responsible for level of consciousness?
The midbrain (part of the brain stem)
28.6
Which part of the brain is responsible for the internal clock?
The RAS or reticular activating system.
28.6
What regulates your BP, HR, resp rate, and breathing pattern specifically?
The brain stem
The pons controls the breathing while the medulla oblongata controls BP and HR.
28.6
Where in the brain does emotion come from?
The limbic system controls rage and anger, and the hypothalamus (a part of the the diencephalon) regulates pleasure, thirst, and hunger.
28.6
What happens when the brain has to react to a sudden event?
Excitement increases HR and BP. The hypothalamus communicates to the to the pituitary gland, the endocrine glands sends chemical commands to the adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine thus increase sympathetic effect enabling you to handle the situation.
28.7
What is the responsibility of the cerebellum?
Manages complex motor activity such as walking, swimming, and riding a bike.
28.7
Function of myelin of the neuron:
Myelin acts as an "insulation" allowing the cell to send its signal along the axon withing "shorting out" or losing electricity to surrounding tissue. Myelin also increases speed of conduction. Most of the body's neurons have myelin, however where speed is less crucial the neurons may be unmyelinated.
28.8-9
neoplasms
The medical term for new growth. Caused by errors during cellular reproduction.
28.9
What are the two categories of neoplasms?
Benign being noncancerous, or malignant being cancerous.
28.9
What is the most common sign of infectious disease?
The presence of a fever.
28.10
What is the benefits of a fever?
Slows down the production of some viruses and bacteria. This extra time allows the immune system to get an upper hand to fight the infection. It also signals the rest of the body to generate more WBC and chemical mediators are released to improve the body's effectiveness at finding the organisms.
28.10
What are the disadvantages to a fever?
If the temperature becomes too high it can affect the brain, person's thinking, lack of concentration, and a headache. Neurons are highly sensitive to temperature changes causing hallucinations, delusional, loss of consciousness, and may cause random firing of neurons producing a febrile seizure.
28.10
For any pt with risk of increase ICP the paramedic needs to ensure a BP of at least what systolic?
110 to120 mm Hg
28.13
Vitals signs for increased ICP vs Shock
HR, resp rate, BP, and pulse pressure
Increase ICP has low HR, low resp rate, high BP, and widen pulse pressure.

Shock has high HR, increase resp rate, decrease BP, and narrow pulse pressure.
28.15
Which is worse decorticate or decerebrate?
Decerebrate because the damage is within or near the brain steam.
28.14
What cranial nerves are responsible for the airway?
The trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal.
28.14
What is trismus?
When the teeth are cleched closed.
In unconscious it may indicate seizure, head injury, or cerebral hypoxia.
28.14
Cushing's reflex
The set of conditions indicating increase ICP.
High BP, low pulse and resp rate, and wide pulse pressure.
28.15
coma
A state in which the pt does not respond to verbal or painful stimuli.
28.16
What kind of drug is cocaine?
Its a sympathomimetic, increases nervous system activity causing thoughts to come very quick.
28.17
ptosis
drooping eyelids
28.17
agnosia
Meaning without knowledge is when a pt is unable to name common objects.
28.18
Apraxia
Meaining without movement refers to the inability to know how to use common objects.
28.18
receptive aphasia
When the pt can not understand speech but is able to speak clearly.
28.18
Expressive aphasia
The pt can't speak clearly, but is able to understand speech. Obeys command but can't communicate effectively.
28.18
Global aphasia
Combo of expressive and receptive aphasia, as the pt cannot follow commands or communicate with you.
28.18
What drugs lead to dilation of pupils?
Cocaine, methamephatamines, and hallucinogens.
28.18
What drugs lead to constricted pupils?
Depressants
28.18
anisocoria
unequal pupils
28.18
nystagmus
The involuntary, rhythmic movement of the eyes, otherwise known as twitching. Can be caused by seizure, vertigo, and MS.
28.18
What are the other names for paralysis to one side of the body?
hemiparesis or hemiplagia
28.18
ataxia
Lack of coordination.
28.19
What is the classic gait in Parkinson's disease?
They place their feet very close together and shuffle, short strives, and difficulty in changing direction.
28.19
What is the classic gait with cerebral pulsy?
Scissor gait, where the toes point inward and they walk with a stiff gait, and nearly touch their knees together when they walk.
28.19
myoclonus
A type of involuntary contraction of the muscles that is rapid and jerky in nature.
28.19
dystonia
A part of the body contracts and remains contracted. Often caused by brain injuries or medication reactions.
28.20
What are the different types of tremors?
Resting tremors when pt is at rest. Common in Parkinson's dz.

Intension tremors when the pt trys to grab an object, common in MS.

Postural tremors when the body part has to remain in same position for long period. Common for everyone especially Parkinson's dz.
28.20
What are the different types of seizure activity?
Tonic activity is very rigid, contraction and relaxation of the body.

Clonic activity is a rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscle groups.
28.20
paresthesia
A sensation of numbness and tingling.
28.20
anesthesia
When the pt cannot feel anything within a body part.
28.20
What are the three major elements the brain needs to function?
Oxygen, glucose, and normal temperature.
28.21
Should you treat the HR in increase ICP?
Do not treat with Atropine or TCP as it will worsen condition.
28.22
Common does of D50?
25g or one full syringe
28.22
Common does for naloxone?
0.4 to 2.0mg.
28.23
CVA stands for
Cerebrovascular accidents
28.24
What are the two basic types of strokes?
Ischemic and hemorrhagic
clot and bleed
75% of strokes are ischemic.
28.24
A hallmark to hemorrhagic
"Worse headache of my life" especially if LOC rapidly declines.
28.24
Common pts of TIA or CVA are:
-Older than 65y/o
-Men have more, while women die from them more often.
-African Americans rates are double that of Caucasians.
28.24
Fibrolytics must be administered with ____ of onset of symptoms.
3 hours
28.25
TIAs
Transiet ischemic attacks is an episode of cerebral ischemia that does not inflict any permanent damage, s/s resolve within 24 hours. Often called ministrokes, many pts will have a full CVA soon afterward.
28.28
What is the number one preventative cause of CVAs and TIAs?
Hypertension
28.29
Alter LOC causes mnemonic
AEIOU-TIPS
Alcohol/acidosis
Epilepsy
Insulin
Overdose
Uremia
Trauma
Infection
Psychosis
Stroke
28.29
Classification of seizure
May be generalize affecting large portions of the brain, or partial affecting a limited area of the brain.
26.29
Aura
A sensation a pt experiences before a seizure. (ex. muscle twitch, funny taste, seeing lights, or hearing high-pitched noises)
26.30
Postictal state
The reset period of the brain, may take several minutes to hours before the pt gradually returns to normal LOC.
28.30
status epilepticus
A seizure that last for longer than 4 to 5 minutes or consecutive seizures that occur without consciousness returning between seizure episodes.
28.31
Standard dose of diazepam
5.0 mg IV/IM
repeat prn ever 10 to 15 mins
max at 30 mg
28.31
Standard dose of lorazapam
0.05 mg/kg IV/IM
repeat prn every 10 to 15 mins
max at 8 mg in 12 hours
28.31
Multiple sclerosis MS
An autoimmune condition in which the body attacks the myelin sheath of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to areas of scarring. S/s are vast and include messing up the brains normal function.
28.33
Dystonia
A neurological condition marked by abnormal muscle spasms that cause bizarre contortions, repetitive motion, or postures. Movements are involuntary and often painful.
28.34
Parkinson's disease
A neurological condition in which the portion of the brain responsible for production of dopamine is damaged overused, resulting in tremors.
28.41
Trigeminal neuralagia
Also called tic douloureux, is inflammation of the 5th/trgeminal nerve. Causes severe pain to one side of the face lasting several mins to months.
28.35
Bell's Palsy
A temporary paralysis of facial nerve. May cause ptosis, facial droop or weakness, drooling, and loss of the ability to taste. Often resolves in 2 weeks.
28.35
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Also know as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a disease that involves the death of voluntary motor neurons, for an unknown reason, and has no cure.
28.35
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
A rare condition that begins as weakness and tingling sensation in the legs and moves to the arms and thorax; it can lead to paralysis within 2 weeks. Unclear cause, possibly autoimmune on the myelin of the brain.
28.35
poliomyelitis
A viral infection that attacks the axons, especially the motor axons, and destroys them, causing weakness, paralysis, and resp arrest. Very rare as we have a effective vaccine.
28.41
cerebral pulsy
A developmental condition in which damage is done to the brain. It presents during infancy as delays in waling or crawling, and can take on a spastic form in which muscles are in a near constant state of contraction.
28.40
Spina Bifida
A developmental condition resulting from a neural tube defect, because the neural tube does not close and a portion of the spinal cord remains outside of its normal location. Can cause no neural lose or loss of motor and sensory functions below the defects.
28.36
myasthenia gravis
When the body creates antibodies against acetycholine receptors which allow muscle contraction. Causes muscle weakness commonly in the face.
28.36
Dementia
A chronic deterioration of a person's personality, memory, and ability to think.
28.37
muscular dystrophy
A nonneurological coodiction of genetic origin marked by the degeneration of muscular tissue. Usually die before their 20s. Primarily only in males.
28.37
Class
peripheral neuropathy
A group of conditions in which the nerves leaving the spinal cord are damaged, resulting in distortion of signals to or from the brain. One type is diabetic, in which the peripheral nerves are damaged as blood glucose levels rise, causing loss of sensation, numbness, burning, pain, paresthesia, and muscle weakness.
28.41
Pituitary gland
A gland within the brain that secretes hormones that regulate the function of many other glands in the body, also called the hypophysis.
28.41
Standard dose of Glucagon
1mg IM
Class
What is syncope related to until proven otherwise?
cardiac
Class