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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adaptor |
a gesture that facilitates the release of body tension |
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affect display |
a gesture that conveys emotion |
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allokine |
a variant form of a kineme |
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american sign language (ASL) |
the variety of sign language most commonly used today by deaf/Deaf people in the U.S.; originally dev. by Thomas Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc and based on French Sign Language (and possibly also utilizing some elements of Native American sign languages of the NE U.S. |
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chereme |
in sign language analysis; a structural unit like a phoneme that can be combined w/ other cheremes to make meaningful signs (also, prime) |
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complex gesture system |
a gestural system used instead of a spoken language in situations where speech is not possible |
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cupped hand |
a sign language prime in which the hand is shaped like a cup |
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deaf/Deaf |
w/ a lowercase= describes the inability to hear (physically); w/ an uppercase= describes the community of sign language speakers as well as individual members of that community. (e.g., a deaf person cannot hear, a Deaf person is a member of the Deaf community) |
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dez |
in sign language analysis, the phoneme (or prime) that describes hand shape and/or orientation; examples include flat hand, fist hand and index hand |
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emblem |
a gesture w/ a direct verbal translation |
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fingerspelling |
a method of spelling out words in which fingers are arranged to represent letters of the alphabet and then letters are signed, one at a time, to spell out the needed word |
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fist hand |
a sign language prime in which the hand is shaped like a fist |
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flat hand |
a sign language prime in which the hand is held flat |
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gestures |
in spoken languages, the kinds of movements that accompany speech, such as pointing or shrugging; in sign language, gestures are essential parts of messages and include manual gestures (made w/ the hands) and non-manual gestures (such as facial expressions and eye gaze) |
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illustrator |
a gesture that depicts or illustrates what is said verbally |
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index hand |
a sign language prime in which the index finger is extended outward |
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kineme |
a minimal unit of visual expression; now also a meaningful unit of visual expression |
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kinemorph |
a meaningful unit of visual expression (older term) |
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kinesics |
a study of body movement, facial expressions and gestures |
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linguistic ideology |
viewed neutrally, a set of beliefs about language articulated by users as a rationalization or justification of perceived language structure and use; viewed negatively, a set of beliefs about language that, by reflecting a false reality, work to impose and maintain an oppressive system on users of that language (see also, ideology) |
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lipreading |
watching the lips of speakers to ascertain what they are saying |
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Manually Coded English |
an artificial language in which signs must follow the structure of spoken English, morpheme-for-morpheme, word-for-word (see also, Signed English) |
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modality |
the physical "channel" through which a language is expressed, such as oral/aural for spoken languages or visual-gestural for sign languages |
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nonverbal communication |
the process of transmitting messages without spoken or signed words |
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Old Signed English |
the variety of sign language dev. by Thomas Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc, based on Old Signed French, which evolved into contemporary ASL; it may have also incorporated elements of indigenous ASLs |
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oral approach |
a methodology of teaching deaf children in which lipreading and fingerspelling are emphasized over signing; reinforces the ideology of orality |
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orality |
a taken-for-granted idea, or ideology, that only spoken languages are "real" languages |
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prime |
in sign language analysis, an element of a sign corresponding to the phonological elements of a spoken language also called phonemes, primes are categorized by hand shape, hand placement, and hand movement |
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proxemics |
the study of how people perceive and use space |
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regulator |
a gesture that controls or coordinates interaction |
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SEE1 |
Seeing Essential English: a version of Manually Coded English that requires signers to reproduce the exact structure of spoken English |
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SEE2 |
Signed Exact English: a variety of Manually Coded English that requires signers to reproduce the exact structure of spoken English |
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sig |
in sign language analysis, the phoneme (or prime) that describes hand movement; examples include twisting the hand from back to front or drawing the hand across the body from left to right |
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sign language |
language performed in 3D space; not modeled on any spoken language |
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Signed English |
an artificial language in which signs follow the structure of the spoken language (see, Manually Coded English) |
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tab |
in sign language analysis, the phoneme (or prime) that describes hand placement; examples include placing the hand at the cheek, or at the forehead, or at the chin level |
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act sequence |
the actual sequence of events in a speech act |
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awareness |
in rich point analysis, the recognition that different expectations have caused a rich point to occur |
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communicative competence |
the ability to speak a language well; the ability to use a language correctly in a variety of social situations |
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community of practice |
a group of individuals who interact regularly, developing unique ways of doing things together |
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context |
the larger cultural and social situation in which speech acts take place |
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conversation analysis |
the close study of actual conversational exchanges |
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dialect |
a specific variety or subdivision of a language; a way of speaking that is characteristic of a particular group of people; the dialects of a single language are mutually intelligible |
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discourse analysis |
the study of how authority and power are distrbuted and negotiated in verbal exchanges |
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ends |
the reasons for which a speech event is taking place; the goals that people have for speaking in a particular situation |
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ethnography of communication |
an ethnography that focuses on describing and analyzing the ways that people use language in real situations (same as ethnography of speaking) |
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ethnography of speaking |
an ethnography that focuses on describing and analyzing the ways that people use language in real situations (same as ethnography of communication) |
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genres |
different kinds of speech acts or events |
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indirection |
making a request without asking directly |
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instrumentalities |
the channels that are used (speaking, writing, signaling w/ flags, etc.) as well as the varieties of language that speakers use (language, dialect, and register) |
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key |
the mood or spirit in which communication takes place |
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linguistic community |
a group of people who share a single language variety and focus their identity around that language |
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linguistic competence |
a speaker's underlying ability to produce (and recognize) grammatically correct expressions in a language |
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M-A-R |
in rich point analysis, mistake, awareness and repair |
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mistake |
in rich point analysis, the recognition that a rich point has occurred |
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mutual intelligibility |
the ability of speakers of different speech varieties to understand one another; often used as a test for classifying speech varieties into dialects (mutually intelligible) or languages (mutually unintelligible) |
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norms |
the expectations that speakers have about the appropriateness of speech use |
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participants |
individuals who can or should be involved in various speech events or conversations; also refers to the levels of participation expected of individuals in a speech event |
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register |
a variety of a language that is considered appropriate in specific situations |
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repair |
in rich point analysis, the developing of new sets of expectations to use for communicating |
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rich point |
a moment when things "go wrong" in a speech situation |
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S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G |
in the ethnography of communication, setting/situation, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms and genres |
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setting/situation |
the location in which a conversation or speech event is taking place, as well as the overall psychological feeling of that place |
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speech acts |
the specific utterances that people make during a speech event |
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speech community |
a group of people who share one or more varieties of a language and the rules for using those varieties in everyday communication |
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speech event |
one or more speech acts involving one or more participants |
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speech situation |
the entire setting or situation in which people speak |
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symbolic capital |
a form of linguistic "wealth" that provides access to linguistic and social power; related to communicative competence |
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alphabetic writing |
a system in which graphic signs represent individual consonants and vowels |
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autonomous approach (to literacy) |
the idea that literacy is an independent technology connected to civilization |
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complete writing system |
a system that can record any and all thoughts and words |
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determinative |
in writing, a sign added to another sign to clarify meaning or create new words |
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entextualization |
the process of putting spoken words onto paper the process of transforming spoken language into some form of written language |
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grapheme |
the smallest segment of speech that is represented in a writing system |
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lexeme |
a unit of writing that is surrounding by white space on a page |
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literacy event |
one or more reading acts involving one or more participants; any occasion when individuals attempt to read and/or write |
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logographic writing |
a system in which graphic signs represent words or the ideas associated with words |
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logo syllabic writing |
a system in which signs can carry both semantic and phonetic information |
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partial writing system |
a system that is limited in what it can convey |
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phonetic determinatives |
in writing, signs that help to distinguish words that are pronounced differently by providing phonetic clues |
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phonetic sign |
a graphic mark that represents one or more of the sounds of a language |
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pictographic "writing" |
a system that uses pictures or images to represent things (a partial writing system) |
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practice approach (to literacy) |
the idea that there are many different ways to read and interpret texts, depending on context and culture |
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rebus writing |
a system that uses a single picture to represent two or more words that sound the same |
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semantic determinatives |
in writing, signs that help to distinguish words that are pronounced similarly by providing semantic clues |
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semantic sign |
a graphic mark that represents a specific idea or meaning |
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syllabic writing |
a system in which graphic signs represent individual syllables |
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writing |
the graphic representation of language |
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acquire language |
map the details of a specific language onto an innate universal grammar |
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active construction of a grammar theory |
applied to language learning, the theory that children observe and interact w/ the world around them and form theories about language from their experiences (same as theory theory) |
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arbitrariness |
a design feature of language: there is no necessary or causal connection b/w a signal and its meaning |
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behaviorist theories |
applied to language learning, theories that children need to hear language from others around them (stimulus) and to receive praise (positive feedback) from parents and/or caretakers in order to develop their linguistic abilities |
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blending |
mixing two signals to form a new one |
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broadcast transmission and directional reception |
a design feature of language: the sending out of sounds in all directions and the perception of the direction from which sounds are coming |
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Broca's area |
the area in the frontal region of the left cereal hemisphere named for Paul Broca, who first located it and proposed its connection w/ language |
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cerebral hemispheres |
the two halves of the human brain |
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cognitivist theories |
applied to language learning, theories that suggest that children develop language simultaneously w/ their mental abilities |
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communication |
the sending of signals or the sending and receiving of signals or the sending and receiving of signals AND the evoking of a response |
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corpus callosum |
the membrane that connects the cells of the 2 cerebral hemispheres |
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cortex |
the convoluted surface of the brain |
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design features of language |
a set of features proposed by Charles Hockett by which human language can be identified and distinguished from other forms of animal communication |
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discreteness |
a design feature of language: the units used for communication can be separated into distinct units that cannot be mistaken for one another |
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displacement |
a design feature of language that allows you to talk about things that are not present |
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duality of patterning |
a design feature of language: discrete units of language at one level (such as the level of sounds) can be combined to create different kinds of units at a different level (such as words) |
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innatist theories |
applied to language acquisition, theories that suggest that language is already hardwired into the human brain at birth |
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theory theory |
applied to language learning, the theory that children observe and interact w/ the world around them and form theories about language from their experiences (same as active construction of a grammar theory) |
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total feedback |
a design feature of language: speakers can hear themselves talk, signers can feel themselves sign |
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traditional transmission |
a design feature of language: language is learned in social groups |
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vocal-auditory channel |
a design feature of language: assumes that speaking and hearing are key aspects of human language |
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Wernicke's area |
the area in the temporal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere named for Carl Wernicke, who first located it and proposed its connection w/ language |
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assimilation |
the phonetic process in which the point (or manner) of articulation of a sound changes so it is closer to that of a neighboring sound |
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bilingualism |
the ability to speak two languages |
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bioprogram |
an innate grammar, thought by some to guide children in constructing creole languages from pidgins |
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codeswitching |
using more than one variety of language in a single situation or sometimes in different situations |
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cognates |
sets of words in related languages that can be shown to have descended from a common ancestral language; cognates have similar meanings, and they show regular sound correspondences |
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correspondance set |
a set of sounds that appear to correspond to one another |
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creole |
a complete language that has emerged out of pidgin |
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diglossia |
the situation where two (or more) varieties of the same language are used by speakers in different settings |
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corpus callosum |
the membrane that connects the cells of the 2 cerebral hemisphere |
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cortex |
the convoluted surface of the brain |
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design features of language |
a set of features proposed by Charles Hockett by which human language can be identified and distinguished from other forms of animals communication |
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external change |
a change that occurs dur to language contact and borrowing b/w speakers of different languages |
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family of languages |
a set of languages thought to have descended from a common ancestor |
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genetically related languages |
languages that have descended from the same ancestor language |
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glottochronology |
the science of measuring time change in language (same as lexicostatistics) |
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internal change |
a change that is due to the way speakers of a language gradually modify their own language over time |
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language isolate |
a language that cannot be classified into any other language family |
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lexicostatistics |
the science of measuring time change in language (same as lexicostatistics; also, see glottochronology) |
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lexifier language |
the language that has contributed the majority of the words in a pidgin or a creole |
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macrofamilies |
sets of language families that appear to have descended from a common ancient language (same as phyla) |
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majority rules strategy |
in historical reconstruction, the assumption that there is no phonetically plausible reason to choose a particular sound for a reconstruction, then the choice should be based on whichever sound appears most frequently in the corresponsdance set |
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mass comparison |
a technique in which lists of words from large numbers of languages are compared all at once to determine that languages are related rather than using the slow, painstaking reconstruction of protolanguages from languages already known to be related |
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mock language |
a pejorative language practice, generally engaged in by non speakers of a specific language, that utilized elements of that langue to index negative stereotypes of its speakers; often a vehicle for the unconscious reproduction of racist ideologies thru language practice |
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official language |
a language designated as official by govt. policy |
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palatalization |
the phonetic process in which the point of articulation of a sound is moved closer to the palate |
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phonetic plausibility strategy |
in historical reconstruction, the assumption that the choice among alternative reconstructions should be based on what seems plausible given what is known about the ways that languages change and the relationships b/w the sounds on a reconstructed phonetic chart |
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phyla |
sets of language families that appear to have descended from a common ancient language (see also, macro families) |
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pidgin |
a language that has developed, through contact, from 2 unrelated languages |
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reanalysis |
the process by which speakers analyze unfamiliar words into familiar-looking components and assign familiar meanings to those componenets |
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related dialects |
dialects that have developed from a single parent language |
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related languages |
languages that have developed from a single ancestral language |
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stable bilingualism |
a situation in which individuals and communities maintain their bilingualism on a long-term basis |
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transitional bilingualism |
a situation in which individuals gradually abandon their bilingualism in favor of speaking a more dominant language |
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voicing |
the phonetic process in which the manner of pronunciation is changed to make a sound voiced |
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language extinction |
the situation in which there are no more speakers of a particular language |
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language revitalization |
the attempt to assist people in maintaining endangered languages |
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marked form |
a linguistic form that is considered to be non neutral in a language and that is derived from a neutral or a base form |
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marking |
the linguistic phenomenon of deriving a none neutral form from a neutral form in a language; the phenomenon of linguistically tagging a word as non neutral |
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unmarked form |
a linguistic form that is considered to be a neutral or a base form in a language |
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what % of human communication is est. to be nonverbal? |
60%
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in the Comoros islands, household space is often divided into areas separated by...
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gender
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Edward T. Hall proposed 4 kinds of proximally relevant spaces, or body distances, that could be compared b/w cultures. In order from smallest/closest to largest/furthest, they are...
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1. intimate
2. personal 3. social 4. public |
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gestures that convey emotion, such as smiles or frowns, are called |
affect displays
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gestures that control or coordinate interaction, such as indicating that it is someone else's turn to talk during a convo, are called
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regulators |
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according to recent research by linguistic anthropologists, sign language...
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are languages, just like spoken languages |
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sign language components such as different kinds of hand shape, placement and movement, today are referred to as "primes" but used to be called |
cheremes |
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most ______ appear to mimic the syntax of the spoken language of the communities that use them |
complex gestural systems |
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someone who demonstrates communicative competence can also lay claim to having accumulated... |
symbolic capital
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a group of people who share one + varieties of language and the rules for using any/all of those varieties in everyday communication is called a |
speech community |
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T/F: the criterion of "mutual intelligibility" is a clear way to distinguish a dialect from a language |
False |
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an approach whose goal is the discovery of those rules that help to legitimate particular conversational practices, as well as the ideas or ideologies that people have about languages and conversations, is called |
discourse analysis (DA) |
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the acronym, S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G, proposed by Dell Hymes, was developed to assist in the... |
ethnography of speaking |
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what is NOT an example given in the Good Tracks' article "Nonintereference" to illustrate his point? |
tribal elders requiring that someone receive his "Indian" name before he/she is allowed to converse |
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what kind of writing uses a single picture to represent 2 + words that sound the same? (e.g., a picture of the sun represents both the English word son and sun) |
rebus writing |
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the angle brackets < > placed around a word indicate that... |
a writing system, and not a phonetic transcription system, is in use |
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in a writing system, which of the following is a sign that helps to suggest related words that are pronounced differently? |
phonetic determinative |
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a written language in which each lexeme takes up exactly the same space as every other lexeme is... |
Chinese |
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the theoretical approach to literacy that defines it is a technology that you can learn to use is called the... |
autonomous approach |
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the Ethnography of Reading refers to... |
research on literacy inspired by Hymes ethnography of speaking |
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the theory that asserts that literacy is a set of habitual behaviors exercised in specific contexts is the... |
practice approach |
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T/F: the characters used in L337 speak are all semantic characters |
false |
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efforts to standardize the spelling of a language... |
reveal the language ideology of the standardizers |
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T/F: Crystal believes that people who talk of text as a 'new language' (implying that the whole of the writing system is altered), are simply spreading a myth |
True |
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according to Crystal, how can misinformation about the effects of texting be eliminated? |
solid research |
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what features of texting does Crystal identify? |
- abbreviations - initialisms - empowering the deaf - elliptical constructions of conversational style speech |
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according to the author (and in the context of David Crystal's article), what are teenagers not good at? |
fully understanding the consequences of what they are doing when texting |
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what are the 2 beliefs (axioms) Crystal affirms that he has regarding writing? |
see bottom of p. 173, Crystal article |
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what are the linguistic evils that Crystal cites as being associated (for better or worse) w/ texting? |
- children will inevitably transfer bad writing habits into their school work - a new generation of adults will inevitably grow up unable to write w/ proper English - the non-standard orthography will erode children's ability to spell, punctuate and capitalize correctly - poor grammar/writing skills from texting will result in lower scores on exams - eventually the language as a whole will inevitably decline - texting uses new and non-standard orthography |
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though a common complaint is that texting decreases writing ability, Crystal claims that literacy awareness helps people become adept texters...how does he support his claim? |
kids would not be able to effectively text if they did not have literacy awareness to begin w/ |
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what does Crystal say should be the responsibility of the teachers/school when it comes to texting? |
they should teach it alongside other types of literacy in schools b/c it is simply another communication style and therefore by doing so, students would learn more clearly about when its use is appropriate and when it is not |
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although the capacity for speech appears to be part of the human genetic makeup, most linguistic anthropologists now believe that children learn languages... |
primarily in social and cultural settings |
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when English-speaking children produce "incorrect" forms such as "sheeps," "gooses," and "taked," they are... |
discovering and using grammatical regularities in their language |
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what is the most likely order of steps along the road to evolution of full-fledged human language? |
1. closed calls 2. blended calls 3. duality of patterning |
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what are considered the most important characteristics of the human body that make speech possible? |
- longer pharynx - lower larynx - more flexible tongue |
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T/F: Ottenheimer discovered in her research w/ Shintiri that a certain evolutionary shift in language development couldn't have occurred in the context of children's language play. |
False |
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the borrowing of words such as rouge and garage from French into English are examples of which of the following kinds of language change? |
external change |
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an example of change in response to contact and borrowing b/w language is: |
the use of the French (G, "rouge") sound in English words |
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a situation where 2 + varieties of the same language are used by speakers in different kinds of settings is called... |
diglossia |
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using more than one dialect (or language) in a single conversation is referred to as... |
code-switching |
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a situation in which individuals and communities maintain their bilingualism on a long-term basis is known as what? |
stable bilingualism |
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although languages generally change very slowly, one example of rapid change in language is the development of... |
pidgins |
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T/F: in cases of non-accomodating bilingualism, speakers of one language cannot understand anything that speakers of the other language say. |
False (txt. p. 318) |
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T/F: monolongualism is quite rare in countries throughout the world. |
true |
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when the Oakland School Board wanted to establish instruction in Ebonics, in addition to English, they cited research arguing that Ebonics was a... |
creole, descended from ancestral African languages |
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Ottenheimer describes using the tools of linguistic anthro while serving on a committee writing policy... |
prohibiting racial and ethnic harassment |
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Globish, a potential lingua franca of the 21st century, is... |
a simplified, idiom-free form of English |
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The sentence "Anyone in Oklahoma can ask for an abortion if he wants one" illustrates the fact that "anyone" in English... |
demonstrates the fact that "he" cannot be a gender neutral term |
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the term _____ is an unmarked form in English |
model |
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T/F: linguistic anthro is interested primarily in the social and cultural contexts in which language is used, and for the most part leaves study of the structure of language to structural linguists |
False |
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the use of the suffix {-ova} in Czech... |
indicates not only 'femaleness' but also a sort of 'belonging to' |
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what is one way of "doing linguistic anthropology" which helps out in situations where people misunderstand one another, and what sorts of difference can cause this misunderstanding? |
people's ethnic and geographical backgrounds, native languages and nationalities can all cause misunderstandings when speaking the same language, b/c simple words and phrases can have so many different meanings based on their contexts. Ottenheimer describes this instance in action during her university conference when the group was rewriting a harassment policy. Harassment can mean many things to many different people, but the contexts in which it takes place can define the term best. |
