Crim 012 Exam 2

Front 1

Positivist Criminology

Back 1

- Focus on offender
- Consensus view: everyone is normal
- Scientific Method
- Rehabilitation Focus

Front 2

Early Positivism

Back 2

Phrenology -> skull shape
Physiognomy -> face and body features
Palmistry -> Palm reading

Front 3

Phrenology

Back 3

Skull shape

Front 4

Physiognomy

Back 4

Face and body features

Front 5

Palmistry

Back 5

Palm Reading

Front 6

Cesare Lombroso

Back 6

- Biological Positivism
- Born Criminals can be identified through physical stigmata (facial features, appearance, behavior - good vision, idleness, orgies, tattoos, violence)

Front 7

Lombroso Theory

Back 7

- fed the attitude of the 1800s
- when challenged Lombroso would modify (epileptics, insane ppl)

Front 8

Results of Lombroso Theory

Back 8

- students of Lombroso adopted Fascist attitudes and legitimized genocide
- Medical schools loved Lombroso
- Research evolved b/c of bad research criticism of Lombroso

Front 9

Body Type Theories

Back 9

- 1940s - 1960s
- Somatotypes - body build and personality (3 types)
1) Endomorphs - soft, round, lazy, extroverted
2) Mesomorphs - hard, muscular, aggressive, assertive, action, extroverted
3) Ectomorphs - thin, fragile introverted, sensitive worriers

Front 10

Somatotype

Back 10

body build and how affects personality
1940s-1960s

Front 11

Endomorphs

Back 11

Soft, round, lazy, extroverted

Front 12

Mesomorphs

Back 12

Hard, muscular, aggressive, assertive, action, extroverted

Front 13

Ectomorphs

Back 13

Thin, fragile, introverted, sensitive worriers

Front 14

Criticisms of Biological Positivism

Back 14

- where is th link b/w ancient trait and modern law
- bad quantification, how do you score body type (ugliness)
- what about birth defects and accidental injury
- theory is based on small research sample

Front 15

Brain Disorders - Psychiatry

Back 15

1930s-1950s
- Lobotomy: damaging "bad" brain parts
- Drug Therapy: doping brain functions
- Surgery: disrupting emotions to thought nerve transmissions

Front 16

Nature vs. Nurture

Back 16

is criminality inherited or learned (never ending question)

Front 17

Id, ego, superego

Back 17

id = unorganized part of the brain the contains the basic drives

ego = please the ids drive that will benefit in the long term and is realistic (mediate id and reality)

superego = influence of other ppl on you

Front 18

Freudian Criminology

Back 18

Crime results from repressed personality conflict

Front 19

Hans Eysenck

Back 19

- Crime and Personality
- crime results from an interaction b/w environment and the central nervous system
--- The CNS is not developed to conform to social expectations
---we learn moral habits and conscience when young and if we dont learn properly we may act out criminally

Front 20

Eysenck's 4 orders of Personality

Back 20

1) Intelligence - ability
2) Extroversion/Introversion
3) Neuroticism
4) Psychoticism

Front 21

Extroversion

Back 21

- Eysenck order of personality
- impulsive, social, excitement seeking, easily bored, quick tempered, aggressive, unreliable
- Criminals (fun loving, thrill seeking, risky)

Front 22

Introversion

Back 22

- Eysenck order of personality
- overly stimulated by the environment
- seek to eliminate more stimulation
"Just add alcohol to make extrovert"

Front 23

Neuroticism

Back 23

- Eysenck order of personality
- how we react to emotional stress
---neurotic: stong, long term reaction to stress

Front 24

The Limbic System

Back 24

- regulates neuroticism
- sympathetic system (activates in emergency, heart, repiration...) vs. parasympathetic system (counterbalance - brings body to normal when threat ends)

Front 25

Criticism of Psychological Positivism

Back 25

- ignores social factors
- therapy or rehabilitation oriented
- Case study (qualitative) bias

Front 26

Psychoticism

Back 26

- Eysenck order of personality
- behavior outside definition such as psychotic disorders

Front 27

Psychopathy

Back 27

The condition or set of traits related to being a psychopath
- mask of insanity
- morally insane
- undeveloped human emotions

Front 28

Strain Theory

Back 28

- Crime is a direct result of lover class frustration and anger
- Anomie
- Inequity: social worth measured in in goods and money as is survival

Front 29

Anomie

Back 29

- disregard for law
- lack of norms
- unclear norms
- desire for pleasure and goals

Front 30

Inequity

Back 30

goals: wealth, success, power
means: hard work, edu, modesty

Front 31

Personality Adaptation

Back 31

- how poor, frustrated, angry ppl cope
- Merton 5 modes of personality adaption: adjustments ppl make to strain

Front 32

Mertons 5 Modes of Personality Adaptation

Back 32

1) Conformist
2) Innovator
3) Ritualist
4) Retreatism
5) Rebel

Front 33

Conformist

Back 33

* Merton Mode of Personality*
lawful
accepts situation
faithful
failure

Front 34

Innovator

Back 34

* Merton Mode of Personality*
seeks alternative modes

Front 35

Ritualist

Back 35

*Merton Mode of Personality*
- useless activities, ceremonies, procedures
- not successful in reaching end goal

Front 36

Retreatism

Back 36

*Merton Mode of Personality*
Rejects means and goals
Drug or alcohol usage
Seeks escape

Front 37

Rebel

Back 37

*Merton Mode of Personality*
Seeks to change society
Change government rules
Create subcultures and goals

Front 38

Problems with Strain Theory

Back 38

- focus on material goods
- does not explain middle class crimes, violent crime, aging out of crime

Front 39

General Strain Theory

Back 39

- Robert Agnew
- Strain is a result of a negative relationship
- A person has opportunity but fails
- fails to achieve moderate goals
- While in "Failure mode" they are strained
- lose something good and gain something bad
- ability to cope is diminished and control of life is lessened

Front 40

Causes of Strain

Back 40

- failure to reach goals
- expectations are compared to achievement
- removal of positive stimuli and introduction negative stimuli
- strain is persistent
- coping skills are weak or inappropriate

Front 41

Sykes and Matza

Back 41

- this theory shows some compromise that human behavior is a mix of outside forces and some free will
- excuses or rationalization for criminal behavior

Front 42

Prof. Bakers Tequila Shooter Analagy

Back 42

Salt: the rationale, attitude or cause of criminality

Tequila: the criminal act

Lime: The neutralizing agent (sweetens the tequila)

Front 43

Neutralization Types

Back 43

1) Deny Responsibility: e.g. came from a bad home
2) Deny harm: e.g. im not stealing just borrowing
3) Deny Victim: e.g they can afford it
4) Condemn the Condemners: cops can beat ppl and not get in trouble...pigs
5) Appeal to higher Authority: e.g. were on a mission from God

Front 44

Neutralizations

Back 44

- replace moral values and attitudes
- substitute norms or fits where norms dont exist
- based on free will but rely on sociology to work (not all criminals rely on neutralizations but they are the basis for defense attorneys)

Front 45

Differential Association Theory

Back 45

- Individuals become predisposed toward criminality because of an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior
- not a peer pressure theory
- not "the company you keep" concept
- theory explains how criminals lean and accept criminal values
- Personality Influences
---Significant ppl (value of the relationship)
---imitation (the highest form of flattery)
---acceptance (being like them and them liking u)
- 9 points

Front 46

9 Points to Differential Theory

Back 46

1) Criminality is learned
2) Through interaction and communication with others
3)Learning occurs within intimate groups
4) Learning focuses on techniques, motives, attitudes, rationalizations
5) Legal code influences (based on the group)
6) Some legal codes favor crime (loop holes)
7) The learning process is the same for crime as for any other activity.
8) Criminals have different needs that explain their acts
9) The role of frequency, duration, intensity, and priority contribute to learning crime

Front 47

Criticisms of Differential Theory

Back 47

-also applies to non-criminals
-transmission of values from non criminals
-media influences

Front 48

Critical Criminologist

Back 48

- racism, sexism
- unsafe work place, inadequate child care
- poor housing, pollution, war

-all of the above are true crimes that the government allows to exist

- believe the purpose of law is not to maintain peace and tranquility but is to control the rights and actions of others, particularly the weak, poor, or underpriveliged

- seek to explain and remedy crime caused by inequality and abuse of power

Front 49

Labeling Theory

Back 49

- im not the person you think I am
- im not the person I think I am
- im not the person I think you think i am

Front 50

Labeling: The Societal Reaction Theory

Back 50

- how the criminal percieves the reaction of others
- what do others think about what ive done
- the act is ok in the mind of the criminal
- act is deviant in the opinion of others and therefore this is a "conflict theory"
- criminality is not the fault of the criminal, societal reaction
- a criminal act is defined by others so it makes it appear that being a criminal is not "my" fault

Front 51

Lemerts Secondary Deviance

Back 51

- stigma
- discrediting mark
- the label of criminal, bad kid, deviant, thief, pervert...
- actor gives up and assumes role

Front 52

Conflict Theory

Back 52

- they system often fails to treat as criminal the dangerous acts of a the wealthy and powerful

Front 53

Social Bond Theory

Back 53

- crime takes place when bonds to society are broken or weakened and therefore the purpose to conform is gone