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28 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Emile Durkheim
*Order theorist

Early thinking of Social Control Theory




Crime is normal. Individuals had aspirations and appetites that knew no natural bounds, that without civilization, humans would be unrestrained and lacking in moral standards.

Ivan Nye
Social Control Theory

Direct: by which punishment is threatened or applied for wrongful behavior, and compliance is rewarded by parents, family, and authority figures.




Internal: by which a youth refrains from delinquency through the conscience or superego.




Indirect: by identification with those who influence behavior, say because his or her delinquent act might cause pain and disappointment to parents and others with whom he or she has close relationships.




Control through needs satisfaction, i.e. if all an individual's needs are met, there is no point in criminal activity.

Travis Hirshci
Indirect and direct social control.



Attachment-The internalization of norms, conscience, and super ego is determined by an individual’s attachment to others. Hirschi says this is the sociological counterpart to the superego.




Commitment-People obey rules for fear the consequences of breaking them. This is the counterpart to the ego.




Belief- a common value system within a culture. Belief plays a role in deviance in 2 ways. The criminal either a) disregards the beliefs he/she has been taught entirely, or b)rationalizes their deviant behavior so that they can engage in criminal activity and still believe that it is wrong. This subset of the social control theory involves the strain theory in that it demonstrates an individuals belief in common goals and morals of society, and it shows a lack of means for achieving those goals which in turn encourages deviant behavior as a means of achieving those goals.




Involvement -



Gottfreson and Hirshci
Low Self Control Theory (1990)



One of the better known criminological theories of recent decades is Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) low self-control theory. This theory holds that children develop levels of self-control by about ages seven or eight, and these levels remain relatively stable the rest of their lives. Children with low levels of self-control end up being more prone to crime, and their criminal propensity continues into later life.

Control Balance Theory
In 1995, Charles R Tittle released a book called Control Balance: Towards a general theory of deviance.In his book, Tittle presented his theory on control balance, which maintained that a person commits deviant acts when they have access to too much, or too little control.
Adolescent Limited and Life Course persistent Offenders
Terrie Moffitt (1993) described a dual taxonomy of offending behavior in an attempt to explain the developmental processes that lead to the distinctive shape of the age crime curve. She proposes that there are two main types of antisocial offenders in society.



Adolescent Limited offenders exhibit antisocial behavior only during adolescence.




Life-Course-Persistent offenders begin to behave antisocially early in childhood and continue this behavior into adulthood.




Life course persistent offenders
Theories that examine changes in the propensity for delinquency and criminality as individuals transition through the life stages of childhood, adolescence, young adulthood and adulthood.


*Examples:


Thornberry's Interactional Theory


And Laub and Sampson's Turning Points Theory




Causes:


Biological Risk Factor


Social Risk Factors


Effect of Biological and Social Risk Factors Together

Gottfredson and Travis Hirshci Control Theory
In Hirschi’s original social bonding theory (1969), he emphasized the importance of “indirect control”—which allows parents to have a “psychological presence” when youths are not under their surveillance, additionally, this theory contained four elements of control: attachment, commitment, involvement, and beliefs. However, Gottfredson and Hirschi argue “direct control” is the key to the most effective parenting.



For this reason, they proposed a theory of crime based solely on one type of control alone—self-control. They offer self-control theory as a generalized theory that explains all individual differences in the “propensity” to refrain from or to commit crime, which they point out includes all acts of crime and deviance at all ages, and circumstances.

General Theory of crime characteristics of criminals
(1) impulsivity; (2) a preference for simple tasks; (3) risk-seeking; (4) physicality; (5) self-centeredness; and (6) a bad temper
Sampson and Laub's Turning Points Theory
The main study to test the validity of the life-course theory was conducted by Laub and Sampson, who extraordinarily where able to follow the participants for a extremely lengthy period of time which is a difficult task to accomplish in the social science field. Laub and Sampson were able to used the research brought forth by criminologist Eleanor Glueck’s study on the criminal life style in young adults into their investigation.



Their goal was to prove that in life, essential turning points (or as they called them trajectories) are hugely influential in determining one’s risk of succumbing to crime. The two theorist followed the same participants that were part of Glueck’s thesis, and made sure the life history of said participants was as comprehensive as possible with particular focus on the crucial trajectories such as marriage and employment.




With this project, Sampson and Laub ultimately ended up contradicting one of criminology’s most popular theorist, Travis Hirschi, by stating “criminality is not a constant, but affected by the larger social forces which change over a life-course” (Yeager).




Two of four component : attachment and committment, social bonds.




Durkheim and Hirshi motivated:

Social Capital
Social resources that individuals have available to them. Social relationships, neighborhood networks, and the degree of social support for which they receive from family.
Thornberry Interactional Theory
Attachment to parents

Commitment


And Belief




Examines how youth change into adult.


Integrated theory : Social Bonds, Social disorganization.




Cause and effect theories go in one relationship.

Symbolic Interactionism
George Herbet Meed
Charles Hooten Cooley


Humans recognize symbols, flags, money.




Falls under labeling perspective

Frank Tannenbaum
1938 Crime in Community



Dramatization of evil


Tag of identifying child as delinquent


Child might change self image


Child may be perceive himself different


Be exposed to criminal justice system

Edwin Lemert
Primary and Secondary Deviance



Primary: Offenders might not see himself as deviant, justifying it.




Secondary Deviance: Caused by others in response to primary deviance.

Kai Erikson
Wayward Puritans


Howard Becker
Retrospective intrepretation is a process which takes place after a person has been labeled as deviant or criminal. Once the label is assigned, people who knew the person previously begin to wonder why they did not recognize the deviance long ago.



They go back through their recollections of past experiences, and reinterpret them in order to find consistency between the individuals new master status and their previous behavior.

Wayward Puritans
1966 Book by Kai Erikson

About puritans migrated from England to Massachusetts in the early 1600s. They found themselves surrounded by deviance and sin in their community of saints.

Erving Goffman
A symbolic interactionist with chicago school connections. Goffman said that the spoiled social identity resulted from stigmatization, and wrote about individuals attempted to cope with this spoiled identity.



Stigmatization (labelling) occurs at status degradation ceremonies.

Power Control Theory
Hagan argues that class structure of the family reproduces gender relations seen in society, based upon power of spouses inside and outside the home.Power control theory talks about patriachy and about "class, state and the household." Analysizes why males are more likely to be delinquent.



Patriarchal Household -


Egalitarian Household

Dialectical Materialism
Dialectical materialism is the world outlook of the Marxist-Leninist party. It is called dialectical materialism because its approach to the phenomena of nature, its method of studying and apprehending them, is dialectical, while its interpretation of the phenomena of nature, its conception of these phenomena, its theory, ismaterialistic.
Mods and Rockers
Stanley cohen first recognize as first coining the term moral panic. In folk devils and moral panics, cohen described how teh mods adn the rockers, both relatively small, disorganzied youth gangs that had been around fro a while suddenly attracted widespread media attention.
Critical Criminology
Richard quinney, Stanley Cohen, William Chambliss, Ian taylor, Paul Walton, Jock Young.



Critical criminology was the title of a 1975 book by taylor, walton and young.


Similar to karl marx thinking and was called Critical critical analysis of the law due to it's criticism of maintstream criminologists, and their correctionalist attitudes toward criminals.




Argues that crime is caused by high unemployment and the creation of a large "industrial reserve army" composed of marginalized, unskilled workers who were living poorly under the capitalist system.

Master and Auxliary Status
Howard Becker.





According to becker a persons master status, drug addict, criminal, mentally ill would override his or her auxiliary or second status. They might possess positive secondary characteristics such as intelligence, kindness or artistic ability, but people would find it difficult to see beyond the negative status of the deviant.

Moral Entrepreneurs
Howard Becker talks about the subjective nature of social problems, and explored how they came to be defined as social problems through the process of social reaction.



Characterized moral entrepreneaurs as crusaders, because they act as thought they are on a holy mission to stamp out evil. the believe they're doing the right thing.

Constructionism
Subtitle of Erich Goode's article Round up the Usual Suspects.



We shoudl stay away from automatic assumptions that the police round them up becayse they are on social control targets who have already been labeled as criminals on prior occasions. While accounts of reality may indeed be socially constructed, goode point sout that they often have some sort of factual grounding in the real world. Crime is real, there are real criminals, and real people get hurt.

The Underclass
According to simpson, the underclass consists primarily of young individuals living in urban centers, who are uneducated or undereducated, unskilled, unemployed, underemployed, and welfare dependent. Marxian notion of the surplus population often referred to as the "the surplus labor pool" or "the industrial reserve army".
Conflict Criminology
Less radical strains of conflict theory can traced back to georg simmel and george vold.