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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Legal Definition of Crime
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A crime is a behaviour forbidden by law and subjected to a sanction.
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Advantages to the Legal Definition of Crime
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- simple
- technically accurate |
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Disadvantages to the Legal Definition of Crime
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- not informative of the historical/philosophical/sociological justifications of labeling behavior as crimes.
- does not answer the "why" question. |
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Vigilantism
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Revenge occurring after the incident takes place.
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Self-Defense
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Happens during the incident.
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What 2 things does crime have to have?
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1. Criminal intention
2. Capacity |
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Consensus Definition
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A crime is a behaviour that violates the basic values, beliefs, and social needs of a society.
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Strengths of the Consensus Definition
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- adequate for many crimes (especially the more serious crimes)
- most people agree that these behaviours are unacceptable and harmful. - very different societies tend to criminalize the same behaviours. |
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Weaknesses of the Consensus Definition
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- significant disagreement across people and groups regarding values, beliefs, and social needs.
- some behaviours are seen as crime by some people but not by others. |
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Libertarian Definition
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A crime is an act of force or fraud against the will of someone else.
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Advantages of the Libertarian Definition
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- the definition includes most behaviours that are seen as unacceptable and harmful by most people.
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Disadvantages of the Libertarian Definition
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- does not explain why so many behaviours not related to the definition are criminal.
- eg. gambling, drugs |
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Conflict Definition
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A crime is the label given to some behaviours by people in position of power in order to enforce their interests over the interests of the people with less power.
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Strengths of the Conflict Definition
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- useful to understand the arbitrary nature of criminal laws (or the absence of criminal laws)
- many historical evidence of changes in the law to support the conflict perspective. |
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Limitations of the Conflict Definition
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- many behaviours labeled crimes have nothing to do with the interests of the powerful.
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Legalizing victimless crime
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- right to freedom
- criminal justice resources could be better used - many harmful and annoying behaviours are not criminal - opportunity for legitimate business and government taxation. - better protection for "customers" and "service providers" |
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Criminalizing victimless crime
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- not truly victimless: participants hurt themselves, their dependents, their community.
- could lead to increased participation. - vulnerable people are more at risk of negative consequences. - bring extra costs to society in terms of lost productivity and healthcare expenses - more education |
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What are the 2 fundamental values of Canadian society?
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1. Freedom
2. Social Order |
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Experiment
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Treatment effect (variable of interest) is controlled by the researcher.
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Statistical Modeling on non-experiemental data
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Multivariate statistical analysis are used to isolate the relationships between the explanatory variables of interest and the outcome variables.
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Open Interview
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- ask general questions
- let the subject choose the path of the interview - lead the subject to open up |
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Directed Interview
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- ask specific questions
- the goal is to collect the subject's answers to the specific questions. |
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Outsider Observation
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- researcher status is known
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Insider Observation
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- researcher status is secret
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Quantitative - Qualitative
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Results from a quantitative study are clarified with qualitative interviews of relevant subjects.
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Qualitative - Quantitative
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Interesting new hypotheses emerging from a qualitative study are tested with quantitative analysis.
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