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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Somatype |
An idea used in a system developed for characterizing people based on their body types/build. (Endomorph, Ectomorph, Mesomorph) |
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Equipotentiality |
The concept that individuals are equal at birth and thereafter are influenced by their environment. |
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Androgens |
Male sex hormones that have been linked to criminality (Ex: Testosterone) |
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Arousal Theory |
The view that people with a high arousal level seek powerful stimuli to maintain and optimal level of arousal. Associated with violence, aggression and sociopathy. |
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Social Learning Theory |
The view that behaviour is learned through the direct observation of others, through social interactions, or indirectly through the media.
*Interactions the are rewarded are copied, while those punished are avoided. |
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Neurosis |
In psychodynamic theory, people suffer when they experience feelings of mental anguish and are afraid they are losing control of their personalities. *Includes compulsive behaviours; Crimes committed are less serious acts, such as petty theft. |
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Psychosis |
In psychodynamic theory, a syndrome in which people have lost total control and are dominated by their primitive id. Their behaviour may be marked by bizarre episodes, hallucinations, and inappropriate responses to situations. *Includes schizophrenia; Crimes committed are serious, such as murder. |
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Psychopathy |
A mental disorder, especially when manifested as antisocial behaviour. These individuals have a low level of guilt and anxiety, and persistently violate the rights of others. Can be caused by dysfunctional family life, ADHD, low arousal, brain disorders, low fear quotient, or ineffective coping skills.
[Sociopathy & Antisocial Personality Disorder] |
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Natural Areas |
Neighbourhoods with shared characteristics that develop as a result of social forces operating in urban areas; Some become natural areas for crime. |
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Underclass |
A world cut off from society, its members lacking the education and skills needed to survive. The culture becomes a breeding ground for criminality.
[Gunner Myrdal] |
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Culture of Poverty |
Separate culture formed by the lower class, characterized by values and norms that are in conflict with conventional society; Self-maintaining and ongoing. |
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Social Disorganization Theory |
An approach that looks at how neighbourhoods are marked by cultural conflict, lack of cohesiveness, transient population, insufficient social organizations and anomie. |
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Transition Zone/Neighbourhood |
An area undergoing a shift in population and structure, usually from middle-class residential to lower-class mixed use (residential and commercial) |
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Siege Mentality |
A consequence/symptom of community disorganization where fear causes the belief that the outside world is an enemy out to destroy the neighbourhood.
*Mistrust of authorities & social institutions --> responding with violence. |
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Social Ecologists |
Look at community-level indicators of social disorganization, including disorder, poverty, alienation, disassociation and fear of crime. |
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Social Injustice |
Perception of unfairness, which often leads to anger, especially in communities where the poor and wealthy live in close proximity and people can see how poorly off they are. |
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Concentration Effect |
Outcome when middle-class families flee inner-city poverty areas, taking with them institutional resources and support, which leads to the most disadvantaged being consolidated into urban ghettos. |
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Subculture |
A group that is loosely a part of the dominant culture, but maintains a unique set of values, beliefs, and traditions resistant and oppositional to dominant society. |
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Focal Concerns |
Value orientations of lower-class cultures. Need for excitement Trouble Smartness Fate Autonomy
[Miller] |
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Differential Opportunity |
The concept that all people share the same success goals, but some have limited means of achieving those goals. Those who see themselves as failures and unable to attain advancement through legitimate means may seek alternative ways to be successful, such as joining with like-minded peers and pursuing criminal activity. |
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Reaction Formation |
The response of rejecting goals and standards that seem impossible to achieve.
*When a boy cannot get into college, he considers it a waste of time. |
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Socialization [Primary/Secondary] |
Process of human development and enculturation. Primary - occurs in the family Secondary - takes place in institutions |
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Stigmatize |
To create an enduring label that taints a person's identity and changes him or her in the eyes of others. |
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Differential Association Theory |
The principle that criminal acts are related to a person's exposure to an excess amount of antisocial attitudes and values.
[Sutherland] |
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Commitment to Conformity |
A positive orientation to the rules of society, whereby the individual internalizes those rules. |
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Master Status |
An identity that overrides all others.
*Drug dealer is a more important status than citizen. |
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Moral Entrepeneurs |
Interest groups that attempt to control social life and the legal order for the purpose of promoting their own set of moral values. |
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Social Distance |
A person can be labelled as deviant because of the differences in power between the labeller and the person labelled.
*Differences of race, class and ethnicity |
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Primary Deviance |
Deviant acts that go undetected or unsanctioned, and thus do not help redefine the self and public image of the offender.
[Lemert] |
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Secondary Deviance |
Deviant acts that are sanctioned, after which the deviant label becomes a basis for personal identity. |
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Conflict Theory |
General approach that views criminal behaviours as being caused by economic inequality, and criminal law defined by those in power. |
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Social Reality of Crime |
Theory regarding the interrelationships between power, society, and criminality.
Quinney's Conflict Theory |
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Norm Resistance |
According to a branch of control theory: The interaction between authorities and subjects that eventually produces open conflict between the two groups. |
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Surplus Value |
Marxist view that the labouring classes produce wealth that far exceeds their wages and goes to the capitalist class as profits. |
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Egalitarian |
Equal sharing of authority and power.
*Parenting |
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Marginalization |
The condition that results when people live in areas conducive to crime, which leads to their decreased commitment to the system, producing another criminogenic force:
A weakened bond to society |
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Psychopharmacological |
The effect of mood-altering substances such as alcohol, PCP, or amphetamines.
Can produce a violent change in behaviour. |
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Instrumental Crime |
Illegal actions taken to obtain desired goods and services through theft and other crime (stealing/selling narcotics). |
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Crime-Related Violence |
Violence, usually between strangers, which is committed during the course of another crime. |
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Expressive Violence/Crime |
Violence that is designed, not for profit, but to vent anger or frustration. |
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Conflict-Related Violence |
An expressive crime of passion involving acquaintances. |
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Consent |
The agreement of the 'victim' to have sexual relations with another person. The lack of this is a legal element in the charge of sexual assault
**Cannot be extinguished by drunkenness. |
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Corroboration |
The backing up of a claim of sexual assault by a third party.
*Before 1983, this was required in a charge alleging sexual assault, but is no longer. |
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Mass Murder(er) |
One who kills a large number of people in a single incident. |
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Serial Murder(er) |
One who kills a large number of people over a long period of time. |
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Street Crimes |
Illegal acts designed to prey on the public through theft, damage, and violence. *Usually crime-related violence not conflict-related. |
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Situational Inducement |
The opportunity to commit crimes, such as occasional property crime. Usually short-run influences that increase a person's risk-taking.
*Peer pressure, financial problems etc. |
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Occasional Criminal |
An offender who does not derive significant income from crime, but commits a crime when the opportunity presents itself.
*Likely to drift in and out of crime. |
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Fence |
A buyer and seller of stolen merchandise. |
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Larceny |
Usually known as theft, the taking of property unlawfully.
*One of the oldest common-law crimes. |
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Identity Theft |
The fraudulent acquisition of another person's private and personal information, often for the purpose of financial gain.
*Cybercrime - credit records, bank accounts |
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Enterprise Crime |
Illegal acts of opportunity that involve regulatory rules, but not personal victimization, for the purpose of financial gain. |
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Occupational Crime |
Crime committed by employees for personal gain using the structural advantage provided by their employment. |
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Price-Fixing |
A form of corporate crime, where companies conspire together to artificially inflate the price of goods. |
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Compliance |
A white-collar enforcement strategy that encourages law-abiding behaviour through: Threat of economic sanctions Promise of rewards for conformity. |
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Deterrence |
Act of preventing crime before it occurs by threatening criminal sanctions.
The perception that the pain of punishment outweighs the criminal gain or profit. |
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Public Order Crime |
Crime interferes with public order Victimless Crimes
*Loitering for the purposes of prostitution |
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Moral Crusade |
Efforts by interest group to stamp out behaviour they find objectionable. Typically directed at public order crimes, such as drug use or pornography. |
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Decriminilization |
The reduction or elimination of the penalty for a criminal act. |
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Obscenity |
Sexually explicit material that appeals to the interest of the viewer.
*Open sexual behaviour, masturbation, and genital exhibition is banned in most communities. |
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Pornography |
In feminism, the exploitation of women and children for male pleasure.
Exists in a variety of forms: books, magazines, films and websites. |
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Temperance |
Abstinence from alcoholic drink |
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Cybercrime |
The theft or destruction of information using computers, networks, and the internet. |
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Cybertheft |
The use of computer technology to commit traditional crimes, such as fraud, and modern offences, such as identity theft. |
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Cybervandalism |
The use of computer technology for malicious purposes, such as bringing down business networks. |
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Cyberterrorism |
An effort by forces to disrupt the intersection between the virtual electronic reality of computer and the physical world. |
