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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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U.S. department for which the internet was developed
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department of defense
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Cybercrime
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any crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime
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Walls' typology of cybercrimes
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*Cyber trespass- breaching others property/causing damage. (hacking/virus)
*cyberdeceptions and thefts- stealing money, property *cyberpornography- breaching laws on obscenity and decency *cyberviolence- doing psychological harm to or inciting physical harm against others, thereby breaching laws relating to the protection of the person. |
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most common computer crime complaint reported to FBI
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identity theft
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hacker
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a person who breaks into computers and computer networks for profit/protest
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cracker
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a person that cracks into computers to damage computer performance
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virus
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rogue programs that copy themselves into other programs. it is spread through servers and networks.
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worm
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similar to virus’s but require no assistance
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logic bomb
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a piece of code intentionally inserted into a software system that will set off a malicious function when specified conditions are met
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dictionary attack
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a technique for defeating a cipher or authentication mechanism
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denial of service attack
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an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users
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e-mail bomb
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a form of net abuse consisting of sending huge volumes of e-mail to an address in an attempt to overflow the mailbox or overwhelm the server
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phishing
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a way of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames
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botnet
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a collection of infected computers or bots that have been taken over by Hackers (also known as bot herders) and are used to perform malicious tasks or functions
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social engineering
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the act of manipulating people into performing actions or divulging confidential information
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why botnets are hard to stop?
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very massive
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piracy from Asia - why is it difficult to stop?
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they do not have the same laws and restrictions that America has when it comes to computer crime
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age group most often victimized by online predators
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elderly people
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characteristics of typical cyber offender
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anti-social
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project pinpoint
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integrates existing police
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cultural lag
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the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations
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theories that fit computer crime
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(Text) theory of cultural lag. (Lecture)- Neutralization
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environmental scanning
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a process of gathering
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delphi technique
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a structured communication technique
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hot products analysis
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studying which products will have a boost in economic status at a given time
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political crime
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criminal acts committed for ideological purposes.
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weaknesses of international law
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1. Lack of power to enforce their decisions.
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Crime by or against government-what is researched more?
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crime against the gov is far more researched
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Clarke's typology of Assassins
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1. political- for political reasons
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2.Egocentric- persons with overwhelming and aggressive egocentric need for acceptance
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recognition
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3.psychopathic- unable to relate to others
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direct their rage at popular political figures.
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4.insane- documented psychosis
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a mental illness where they experience severe emotional and cognitive distortion.
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types of organized criminal groups
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1.political-social- militant social movements that use violence; terrorists
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4.Syndicate- Structured group that uses violence
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provides illicit services
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types of terrorism
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1.political- violent criminal behavior designed to generate fear in the community for political purposes.
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Hagan's typology of Spies
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1.Mercenary- trade secrets for personal monetary reward.
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5.professional- agents
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careerists
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cointelpro
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FBI's counterintelligence program to harass and disrupt legit political activity such as Martin luther king
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Societal reactions to crimes by gov.
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public reactions have been mild
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societal reactions to crimes against gov
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quite strong
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characteristics of contemporary terrorism
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-more effective explosives and modern mass media.
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-motivated by religion
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values
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U.N. typology of crime syndicates
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1. Rigid hierarchy
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what event raised awareness of and changed Americans' perceptions of threat of terrorism?
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either oklahoma city bombing or 9/11. mostly likely 9/11
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characteristics of money laundering
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placement- collect the dirty money and move it into financial system
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term used in text to describe state sponsored terrorism
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war by proxy
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who is Julian Assange
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was a political whistleblower who is editor in chief of wikileaks
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what type of group is Hell's Angels?
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In-Group Oriented group
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Hagedorn's typology of gang members
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1.Legits- mature out of the gang
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in drug terminology
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name for northern border of Thailand
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loan sharking
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lending money at impossible interest rate
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numbers game
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like lottery but not random or fair
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Cosa Nostra vs. Patron theories
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Nostra- everybody has a set positions and the power is somewhat distributed.Nationwide alliance of tightly knit families. Membership of Sicilian and Italian Descendents
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parton- there positions are not as important
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those with the most power are in control.Consists of a series of patron-client relationships. Resembles feudal system or medieval warlords
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main purpose for smuggling illegal aliens into U.S.
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to sell counterfeit software and to make profit.
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characteristics of organized criminals
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-identify with crime and criminal activity
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Hobbs Act
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prohibits actual or attempted robbery or extortion affecting interstate or foreign commerce
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type of country most conducive to organized crime
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liberal democracies and corrupt dictatorships.
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characteristic of Russian Mafiya
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black marketeer
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why Sicilian Mafia is losing power in U.S.
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because certain minorities follow the ethnic succession theory
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mafia myth
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it actually refers to a method- syndicate-type organized crime.
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typical reaction to public order crimes
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to make a law or act to prevent it
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why public order crimes are illegal
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Bad because it is prohibited by law
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broken window theory
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Signs of disorder can contribute to more serious crimes.
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historical trends in prostitution
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Has been prevalent throughout history.
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where did name "red light district" come from?
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when railroad construction workers in the west hung their red lanterns outside whorehouses they were frequenting in order to keep in contact with their dispatchers
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types of prostitutes
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brothel prostitutes
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Harrison Act
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regulated sale of opiates.
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Volstead Act
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prohibited sale of alcohol
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decriminalization
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the lessening of penalties attached to a certain behavior
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overcriminalization
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the overuse of the criminal law in attempt to control deviant activity
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Usual age for prostitution in 1970's and on
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younger prostitutes
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characteristics of child molesters
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-Tend to know their victims
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Noble experiment and great illusion refer to what?
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Noble Experiment and Great Illusion refers to the prohibition of alcohol.
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connection between drugs and crime
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not a necessary one as most addicts were criminals before the drug use.
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theory suggested by text as most appropriate for public order crime
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labeling or societal reaction theory.
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countries connected with Cosa Nostra
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Cosa nostra-US
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why U.S. supported atrocities in Guatemala
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cold war
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serial murder
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the killing of several victims in three or more seperate incidents over weeks
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mass murder
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the killing of four or more victims at one location on a single occasion.
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spree murder
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one who kills at two or more locations with almost no time between the murders
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what precipitates most murders?
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Victims usually contribute to the murderer wanting to commit the crime. sometimes the victim actually threatens the murderer first.
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victim precipitation
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present in incidents in which the victim initiated the altercation by being the first to use or threaten violence.
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types of violent offenders
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1.live in a subculture where violence is an acceptable problem-solving mechanism.
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which crime has highest rate of clearance by arrest?
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homicide
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why rape statistics show rates went up in the 1970's?
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not actually increase in number of rapes but a growth in the willingness to report such crimes.
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types of rapists
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date
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name of law requiring notification of sex offenders' release
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megan's law
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what are most violent incidents in the work place?
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most violent
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conklins types of robbers
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professional
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characteristics of school shooters
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they talk about their plans
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which crime makes up the largest category of UCR?
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larceny-theft
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what concept was developed by Wolfgang and Ferracuti?
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culture within a culture that exists amoung some ethnic and lower-class groups and deems violence as an acceptable way of resolving interpersonal grievances.
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types of shoplifters
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heels(professional)
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types of vandalism
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wanton
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predatory
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destructive acts for gains such as candy in vending machine.
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vindictive
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act of hatred
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types of arson
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profit-motivated
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revenge
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in spite or jealousy.
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excitement
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carried out by pyromaniacs.
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types of fences
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rofessional
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amateur
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neighborhood
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reasons for motor vehicle theft
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Joyriding
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confidence(con) games
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rely on winning the confidence of victim to steal from him or her.
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which theory is particularly useful for explaining shoplifting and theft?
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Routine Activities theory
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occasional vs. conventional vs. professional property criminals
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occasional
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roles/types of professional burglars
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1. professional
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2. known
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source of income but less skilled and police know him.
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3.young
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late teens and on their way to becoming professional or known.
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4.juvenile
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under 16 and only local stealing. junkies
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pyramid scheme
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letter that asks somebody to send you money and send the same letter to 4 other people asking the same.
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Ponzi scheme
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pays off early investors with money obtained from later investors.
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chiseling
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Using illegal means to cheat on a organization
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securities fraud
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a practice that induces investors to make purchase or sale decisions on the basis of false information
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types of white collar crime
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embezzlement
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what is Edelhertz's typology?
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white collar crime as a business or as the central activity.
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elite deviance vs white collar crime
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more large scale
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embezzlement
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theft from an employer by an individual who has reached a position of financial trust.
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sweetheart contract
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is a contract made through collusion between management and labor representatives which contains terms beneficial to management and unfavorable to union workers.
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corporate dumping
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where corporations sell overseas products that have been deemed unsafe in the U.S.
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pump and dumping
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artificially inflating the price of an owned stock through false and misleading positive statements
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big dirty secret
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judges and government agencies are soft on corporate crime.
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which law forbids monopolies?
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antitrust law
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What are the characteristics of Positivist Theory?
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The use of empirical (quantitative) or scientific investigation for the improvement of society. 1. measurement (quantification) 2. Objectivity (neutrality) 3. Causality (determinism)
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What is Atavism?
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Criminals were 'throwbacks' to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary period.
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What is Phrenology?
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Attempted to determine intelligence and personality on the basis of size and shape of the skull and posited that certain areas of the brain corresponded to various psychological and intellectual characteristics.
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What is Eugenics?
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A movement to control degenerates through sterilization
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What is Social Darwinism?
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'survival of the fittest'
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What is the purpose of twin studies?
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helps attempt to address nature v. nurture
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What is the Id?
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unconscious; instant gratification (devil)
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What is the Ego?
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Conscious self tries to regulate behavior
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What is the Superego?
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Moral standards (angel)
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What is Dualistic fallacy?
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They call the idea that society may be clearly divided into criminals and noncriminals a dualistic fallacy
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What's the Relationship between delinquency & IQ?
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Negative correlation- lower IQ
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Which theorist/s proposed 'criminal personality'?
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Yochelson & Samenow
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What is anomie?
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'normlessness' lack of structure & rules
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What is an innovator?
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Accepts the goals of success
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What is a retreatist?
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Represents a rejection of both societally approved ends and means.
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What is a conformist?
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Accepts the goals of society and also the societally approved means of achieving this status.
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What is a ritualist?
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'mindless bureaucrat' who becomes so caught up in rules & means to an end that he/she tends to forget or fails to place proper significance on the goal.
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What is a rebel?
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Reject both means and goals and seeks to substitute alternative ones that would represent new societal goals as well as new methods of achieving them.
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What is institutional anomie?
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institutions where there is 'normlessness'
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Which urban zone has most crime?
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Zone of transition
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In cloward & ohlin's opportunity there are 3 subtypes of gangs what are these & what do they do?
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Criminal- stable
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What is inner containment?
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Self-control
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What is outer containment?
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Approval of others
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Hirschi's Social Bond Theory has 4 parts what are they?
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Attachment
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What is the general theory of crime?
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Crime & criminals are two separate things
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What is Conflict Criminology?
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Emphasis on criminalization of behavior. Conflict world view. Question established social order. Oriented toward social change & justice.
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What is labeling theory?
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Primary Deviance- Initial deviant act.
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What is a moral entrepreneur?
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Agents or officials who are concerned with creating and labeling new categories of deviance.
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What is primary deviance?
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Initial deviant act
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What is secondary deviance?
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norm violation or crime that comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents
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Critiques of labeling theory?
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Doesn't explain initial involvement in crime. Overly deterministic.
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What is an androcentric bias?
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Male experience is the 'norm'
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What is the main focus of radical feminism?
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Views male aggression and control of female sexuality is basis of patriarchy and subordination of women.
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What is the main focus of liberal feminism?
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Proposed that female crime would increase as women assumed more assertive positions in society.
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What is left realism?
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Attempts to translate radical ideas into realistic social policy
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What is peacemaking criminology?
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Combines criminology with a religious approach; seeks to mediate conflict
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What is the main focus of postmodernism?
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Examines how knowledge is constituted
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What is global fallacy?
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Attempt to generalize relatively specific explanations to all types of crime.
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Biological explanations say crime is caused by what factors?
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Brain Disorders
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What is the evolutionary perspective?
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Evolutionary traits make people aggressive or predisposed to commit crime
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What is the biggest problem with trait theories?
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Tend to view criminals as 'abnormal' when most are not.
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Definitions of psychopaths/sociopaths?
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Lack affect
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What is the cognitive theory?
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reasoning depends on sensory processing- the way people perceive their environment
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Why do people age out of crime?
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Reasoning ability improves with maturity
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What is Cohen's explanation of delinquent subculture?
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Views crime as the response to inability to live up to middle-class values
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What are Miller's focal concerns?
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'street rules' of lower class life (focal concerns) as alternatives to mainstream culture. Trouble
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What is Sutherland's differential association theory?
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Crime is learned behavior.
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Can you reverse a career criminal & if so how?
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Structure
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What is the main link between capitalism and crime?
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Surplus value- getting more from the worker than one pays for.
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What is the most important goal of restorative justice?
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Assist victims & restore the community
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What are the concerns about restorative justice?
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Benefits may be short-term
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What is the definition of crime?
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A violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by the criminal law
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What is the consensus view of crime & law?
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Laws arise from agreement among members of a society as to what constitutes wrongdoing. Seen in representative democracy. Positive view because it views criminal law as a mechanism of social control & assumes best for society.
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What is the Conflict model of Law?
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Criminal law originates in conflict of interests of different groups. Many conflicts result from private property. Controls behavior of the 'dangerous' classes
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What is the Interactionist Model of Law?
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Humans create abstract meanings out of interaction. Social structure is created by people. shared understandings become formal laws.
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What is the relationship between crime and development?
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Crime varies in different societies
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What is a norm? `
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Reflects the values of a given culture; some norms are regarded by its members as more important than others.
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What is a more??
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More serious customs that involve moral judgements as well as sanctions (rewards and punishments)
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What is a folkway?
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The least serious norms and refer to usages
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What is law?
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Formal modes of control
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What is deviant behavior?
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behavior that is outside the range of normal societal toleration.
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What is illegal behavior?
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Breaks a law.
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What is immoral behavior?
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Mala in se: 'acts are bad in themselves'
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What is mala prohibita?
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'bad' because the law sats so
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What is mala se?
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'acts that are bad in themselves'
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What is the UCR?
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Uniform Crime Report- Official Police Statistics. Includes Part 1 & 2 Index crimes.
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What is the NIBRS?
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National Incident-Based Reporting System & replaces UCR
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What is the NCVS?
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National Crime Victimization Survey- surveys of victims
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What are index crimes?
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Major felonies that are believed to be serious
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Name some Part 1 Index Crimes.
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Rape
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What are Part 2 Index Crimes?
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Non-index offenses that are not used in the calculation of the crime rate.
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Name some Part 2 Crimes.
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Embezzlement
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What is the number of crimes that are committed
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but which never come to official attention called?
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What are ethical principles in crim research?
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An individual responsibility tied into a deep moral judgments.
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What is participation observation?
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Involves a variety of strategies in which the researcher studies or observes a group through varying degrees of participation in the activities of that group.
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What is a survey?
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Are variations of questionnaires
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What is an experiment?
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The benchmark for comparison with all other research methods.
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Definition of criminal?
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Career criminals
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What region of the US has the highest rate of crime?
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South
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What region of the US has the lowest rate of crime?
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Northeast
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What is Fallacy of autonomy?
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Mistaken belief
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What is the Demonological perspective?
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Criminal as evil
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What is the classical perspective?
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Criminal as a rational
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What is the neoclassical perspective?
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Incapacitation
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What is the ecological perspective?
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Group characteristics
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What is the rational choice theory?
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the rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends
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What is deterrence theory?
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Deterrence theory is a military strategy developed during the Cold War.
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What is collective efficiency?
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everyone working together to prevent crime
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What did Durkheim do?
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Sociological theories
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What did Marx do?
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added Economic theories
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What did Beccaria do?
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'Let the punishment fit the crime'
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What did Bentum do?
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Utilitarianism & limits hedonism.
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What did Quetelet do?
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Credited as the first scientific criminologist
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What did Shaw & McKay contribute?
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Concentric Zones Theory
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What did Bonger do?
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He examined the impact of economic conditions on crime
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What did Freud do?
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Psychological Criminology
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