Corrections - Chapter 1 And 2

Front 1

Key Correctional Goals of Corrections

Back 1

Punishment and Protection

Front 2

Prison

Back 2

Institution for the incarceration of persons convicted of serious crimes

Front 3

Jail

Back 3

Facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanors

Front 4

5 Levels of Security of Prisons

Back 4

5. Super Maximum

4. Maximum

3. Medium

2. Minimum

1. Probation, Halfway House, etc.

Front 5

Corrections

Back 5

The variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses

Front 6

Lex Talionis

Back 6

Law of retaliation; an eye for an eye; the principle that punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense

Front 7

Secular Law

Back 7

The law of the civil society, as distinguished from church law

Front 8

Wergild

Back 8

"man money." Money paid to relatives of a murdered person or to the victim of a crime to compensate them and to prevent a blood fued

Front 9

Galley Slavery

Back 9

Forced rowing of large ships or galleys

Front 10

House of Corrections

Back 10

Detention facility that combined the major elements of a workhouse, poorhouse, and penal industry by both disciplining inmates and setting them to work

Front 11

Transportation

Back 11

The practice of banishing offenders from the community to another region or land, often a penal colony, such as Virginia, Australia, and New South Wales. (Vagrancy Act of 1597 in England)

Front 12

Classical Criminology

Back 12

A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will, that demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and that stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others

Front 13

Utilitarianism

Back 13

Doctrine that states that the aim of all action should be the greatest possible balance of pleasure over pain. "The greatest good for the greatest number." The Hedonic Calculus (the pleasure/pain principle) is a key concept.

Front 14

Bridewell House

Back 14

The first house of corrections, made in 1553. The objective was to instill a habit of industry more conductive to an honest lifestyle through discipline and work. Eventually, Bridewell failed. However, it impressed English reformer John Howard and it became the precursor to 19th Century prisons in America.

Front 15

Values of the Enlightenment

Back 15

New popular beliefs in: rights of man, importance of individual, concept of free will, and limited role of government in order to protect rights

Front 16

Cesare Beccaria

Back 16

Father of the Classical School of Criminology. Applied rationalist philosophy of Enlightenment to the Criminal Justice System. Wrote "Essays on Crime and Punishments" in 1764.

Front 17

Classical School of Criminology: Beliefs

Back 17

Man has free will

Crime is volitional (willed, intentional)

Man can change his behavior

Man should be punished in proportion to the severity of the crime he commits

The basis of all social action should be the utilitarian concept: "the greatest good for the greatest number."

Front 18

Principles of Classical School

Back 18

Sole justification for punishment is its utility - the safety it provides via crime prevention

Punishment is for deterrence, not revenge

Prevention > punishment

Certainty/Swiftness > severity

Advocated penal reforms: avoid torture, right to speedy trial and to present evidence, humane treatment, improve prison conditions, and classify offenders by age, sex, and degree of criminality

Front 19

Jeremy Bentham

Back 19

Father of Utilitarianism. Wrote "Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation" in 1789. Applied utilitarian theory to law and punishment. Law should assure that offenders will derive more pain from punishment than pleasure from crime. Advocated reforms: to prevent not avenge crime, eliminate barbarity and transportation, segregate by age, sex, and seriousness of crime in prison,and improve morals, health, and education of prisoners

Front 20

John Howard

Back 20

A major English penal reformer. Wrote, "The State of Prisons in England and Wales," in 1777. Visited local facilities, hulks, and houses of corrections in Europe and was shocked by the conditions. Returned to England with ideas for reform. Wrote the "Penitentiary Act of 1779"

Front 21

Drafted Penitentiary Act of 1779

Back 21

Four Principles:

1. Secure and sanitary structures

2. Systematic inspections

3. Abolition of fees

4. Reformatory regimen

Features:

-Solitary cells at night

-Hard labor in common rooms by day

-Religious instruction and reflection

Front 22

Microcosm

Back 22

Prison is a snapshot of society. Whatever happens on the streets happens in prison, only amplified. There are a lot of minorities and people of the poor population in prisons.