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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Introspection
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Wunt presented trained individuals with stimuli and had them report what they experienced
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Behaviorism
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all mental activity could be reduced to behavioral and physiological responses
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Scientific study of mental processes
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aim of the cognitive revolution
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Cognitive Revolution
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rejection of behaviorism; studying mental representation of the world are necessary to provide a complete picture explanation of human behavior
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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study of the biological systems (brain structures) that underlie mental processes and behavior
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Neuron
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cell in the nervous system that uses electrical activity to transmit information
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Dendrites
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receive neural impulses from another neuron
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Cell body
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where life functions take place
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Axon
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transmits signal from one end to the other
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Myelin Sheath
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insulates axon and speeds up transmission
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Terminal Buttons
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transmit information to other neurons
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Synapse
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where information passes from one neuron to another
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Synaptic cleft
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the space between two neurons
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Neurotransmitter
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released by terminal button
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Neurotransmitter
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attaches to receptor site on a dendrite of another neuron
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Neurotransmitter
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changes polarity of neuron, which leads to the firing of the neuron; can be excitatory or inhibitory
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Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
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occurs meaning the neuron is no longer polarized; increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire
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Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
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increase in the electrical potential
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Action Potential
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nerve impulses that travels down axon; at rest, charge is -70 mv
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Occipital Lobe
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visual processing
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Parietal Lobe
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contains somato sensory area; size of brain area correlated to sensitivity of sensory area.
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Temporal Lobe
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auditory areas; processes visual info and involved in memory and attention
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right temporal lobe
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music perception
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left temporal lobe
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speech perception
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Frontal Lobe
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contains motor cortex; processes complex tasks
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EEG
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measures electrical activity in cortex
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ERP
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measures brain activity in response to a specific stimulus
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CAT scan
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fires x-rays through the brain from different angles and gets a cross-sectional picture
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PET scan
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injects patient with radioactive water; measures blood flow in the brain
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fMRI
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blood contains magnetic properties which can be measured by powerful magnets around the head
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Reductionism
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complex systems are just the sum of their parts; it is a belief system, not a theory
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Perception
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meaningful interpretation of sensory information
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Pattern Recognition
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classification of objects as belonging to a particular category
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Bottom-up Theory
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combine smaller units of information to form perception
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Top-down Theory
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a person's expectations will determine the selection and combination of information
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Template Theory
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stimulus is compared to mini copies of stored patterns; find the copy with the closest match
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Prototype Theory
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abstract forms representing basic or most crucial elements
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Central-tendency model for prototypes
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average of all exemplars seen
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Attribute-frequency model for prototypes
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prototypes are formed from the most frequent experience combination of attributes
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Signal
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what we are trying to detect
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Noise
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extraneous stimuli
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extrinsic noise
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sounds from vents, people talking, computer humming, etc.
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intrinsic noise
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level of attention, visual acuity, auditory acuity
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criterion
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subjects can decide how "clear" a signal should be in order to respond that the signal is present; subject responds 'signal is present' only if value exceeds this
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Liberal criterion
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subjects respond 'signal is present' often
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Conservative criterion
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subjects respond 'signal absent' often
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Geon Theory
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objects with corners degraded are harder to recognize than those with midsegments degraded
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Gesalt Theory
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recognition based on overall shape, not features
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Proximity
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objects that are closer together, you make that one unit
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similarity
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objects that look alike will be grouped together
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good continuation
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if something is going along a path, we assume it will continue on that path
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closure
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even though you cant see the remaining part of the object, we assume that it is there
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common fate
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all objects moving in one direction have this. they are grouped together
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feature theories
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identify basic visual features, then compare with objects stored in memory
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image demons
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demon that takes in visual information from senses
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feature demons
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demons that break down information into distinct features
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cognitive demons
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demons that combine features into meaningful wholes and compare to memory
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decision demons
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these demons decide which item is represented by the combination of features
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word superiority effect
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easier to identify a letter in a word than a non-word
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letter-by-letter processing
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letter processing is necessary for word processing
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holistic model
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word is processed as a whole; direct connection between features and words; while letter identification may occur, not necessary for word identification
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visual agnosia
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inability to interpret visual information
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apperceptive agnosia
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can only process very limited information
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associative agnosia
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able to copy and categorize simple but not complex objects
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prosopagnosia
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unable to identify familiar faces
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Early processing model
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information enters senses; some analyzed, some not. attention is limited; bottleneck occurs early on in the process
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late processing model
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all information initially analyzed; important information further analyzed; bottleneck occurs late in process
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dichotic listening task
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cocktail party effect; different stimuli to each ear simultaneously; participants repeat message coming from one ear; difficulty reporting info in unattended ear
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broadbent's filter model
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2 stimuli presented at the same time gain access in parallel to sensory buffer; one input allowed through filter on basis of physical characteristics, other remains in buffer
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broadbent's filter model
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filter is necessary to prevent overloading attentional mechanism
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broadbent's filter model
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Early processing model
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Gray and Wederburn (1960)
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meaning is the basis for filtering; occurs later in process
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Moray Cocktail party effect
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subjects are able to report their own name when presented in unattended ear
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Treisman's attenuation theory
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unattended info is merely turned down or reduced; only process as much info as necessary to separate messages
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treisman's attenuation theory analysis
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physical properties, linguistic, semantic
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support for treisman's theory
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explains cocktail party effect, contextual errors in dichotic listening task, GSR findings
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Deutsch and Deutsch; Norman
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all stimuli fully analyzed; most important determines response. if true, all input analyzed for meaning. late selection theory.
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Flanker task
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support for Deutsch and Deutsch; Norman
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problem with Deutsch and Deutsch; Norman
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unable to explain why only some info is not processed
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Lavie and Tsal Perceptual load theory
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combines early and late selection theories;
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early selection
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attention is limited
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late selection
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attention is automatic
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high load
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early selection
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low load
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late selection
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Eltiti, Wallace, and Fox's salience hypothesis
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it is the salience of an object that will determine if it is processed or not
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pre-attentive processing stage
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single feature identification does not depend upon attention; automatic
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focused attention stage
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involves serial processing, combines features into objects; requires attention; controlled process
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automatic processing
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well-practiced tasks become automatized
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controlled processes
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limited capacity-takes up our resources; requires attention; flexible; serial processing of info
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automatic processes
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no capacity limitations; does not require attention; very difficult to modify; parallel processing of info
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consistent mapping
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targets are always letters, distractors always numbers
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varied mapping
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one set containing only either letters or numbers is composed; on every trial, items that are targets and distractors change
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shiffrin and schneider results
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reaction time increased with size of memory set and display set in VM, but not in CM.
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signal detection theory
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measures the levels at which we can detect signals in varying conditions
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ROC curve
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measure of sensitivity; includes hits and false alarms
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ROC curve
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as subjects criterion changes, hit and false alarm rates change, and the result gives us this
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ROC curve
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the stronger the signal, the greater the hit rate compared to the false alarm rate, and the curve is bowed toward the upper-left corner
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Payoff matrices
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can influence participant's criterion with reward schedules
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