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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Fractionating Memory |
The process of dividing a subject into small components in order for it to be easier to memorise. |
Chopping things up |
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Multistore Model of Memory was created by? |
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) |
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Two Famous Amnesia Patients |
HM: could not transfer short term memory to long term (Milner, 1966) KF: normal long term memory but impaired short term memory (Shallice & Warrington, 1970) |
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Mental Workbench Is? |
Where information is held in the short term memory while it is being used (Klatzky, 1980) |
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Duration of Short Term Memory when not in use |
30 seconds |
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Capacity of short term memory |
7 +/-2 items at a time (Miller, 1956) |
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Chunking is? |
The process of placing information into meaningful chunks in order to increase the capacity of short term memory. |
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Serial Position Effect |
The tendency for a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst |
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Four Structures of the Working Memory Model |
1:Central Executive- active grand controller 2: Phonological (or articulatory) loop- inner voice and ear 3: Visuospatial Sketchpad- inner eye 4: Episodic Buffer- inner hands |
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The Phonological loop is |
Responsible for internally debating and rehearsing information |
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Explicit Vs implicit knowledge |
Explicit - conscious knowledge that the individual is aware of being exposed to and retrieving Implicit- Unconscious knowledge which individual was unaware that they were influenced by or unaware of their attempt to recall said information |
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Declarative Vs. Procedural |
Declarative- memory for verbal and describable information, both semantic and episodic memory, eg. Remembering what you had for breakfast or what cats look like Procedural - Memory for skills and abilities, stored through motor codes rather than verbal codes, eg. Riding a bike, tying your shoelaces |
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Semantic Vs Episodic Memory |
SEMANTIC- memory for general information such as capital cities EPISODIC- memory for personal or autobiographical information such as what you did yesterday |
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The Seven Sins of Long term Memory (Schachter, 1999) |
Sins of Omission: Absent Mindedness, Blocking, Transience Sins of Comission: Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias Sin of Persistence |
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Sin of Blocking |
Temporary loss of access to information, usually caused by stress. |
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Sin of Transience |
Loss of information over time |
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Context Dependent Memory |
Situation or environment during learning and recall of information |
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Cue Dependent Memory |
The cue refers to a specific feature present during learning or recall of information. For example, the cue in remembering a robbery situation may be the gun |
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State Dependent Memory |
Memory that depends on the state the person was under, for example learning a skill while under the influence of alcohol (Lowe, 1981) |
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Sin of Misattribution |
Fact is recalled accurately but the source or context is misremembered. For example poor eyewitness testimony |
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Sin of Bias |
Distorting influence of prior knowledge, associated with top down processing. 5 types of bias: Change Bias Consistency Bias Hindsight Bias Egocentric Bias Stereotypical Bias |
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Change Bias |
Current beliefs about the self |
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Egocentric Bias |
Role of the self tend to be central in recollection of information |
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Stereotypical Bias |
Memory is reconstructed using our own existing knowledge resulting in distorted information |
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Sin of Suggestibility |
Incorporating information provided by others into your memory, can result in false memory |
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Pidgin |
First generation language such as a string of words and gestures used to communicate |
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Creole |
Second generation language in which words are combined within a syntactic (grammatical) structure |
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Components of Language |
Semantics (the meaning) Lexicon (the words) Syntax (grammar) Phonology (the sounds) Articulation (speech) |
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How many words does the average person know? |
Approximately 60,000 and able to access these words within 200-300 milliseconds |
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Steps in Auditory Perception |
1: Outer Ear 2: Middle Ear 3:Inner Ear 4: Transduction 5: Subcortical pathways 6: Cortical pathways |
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Top Down Processing |
Perceptions based on what we already know. |
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Bottom Up processing |
Perception is driven by present stimulus |
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Flashbulb Memory |
A highly detailed and vivid "snapshot" of a moment in time |
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