Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Who invented the model of positive psychology? |
Martin Seligman |
|
|
What are the 3 model areas of positive psychology in regards to life? |
1. The Pleasant Life 2. A Life of Engagement 3. The Meaningful Life |
|
|
What does PERMA stand for? |
Positive Emotions Engagement Relationships Meaning Accomplishments |
|
|
What is the Pleasant Life? |
Having as many pleasures as possible, and learning the skills to amplify them |
|
|
Positive emotions are |
heritable and habituate |
|
|
What is the Good Life? |
Pleasure VS Flow - you are "one with the music" time stops. You don't "feel" anything pleasurable, but you are engaged in them. Re-craft love, work, and play *Flow works best when the task is slightly difficult for you |
|
|
What is the Meaningful Life? |
... |
|
|
How many basic emotions are there? |
6 |
|
|
What are the 6 basic emotions? |
Fear, sadness, happiness, surprise, disgust, fear, anger |
|
|
Who did the first article on basic emotions? |
Ekman & Friesen (1971) |
|
|
In regards to more complex emotions, why are they not represented? |
Emotions like love and guilt are expressed with more complexity and diversity across culture and expression |
|
|
Characterized by a unique set of facial muscles |
facial expressions (Ekman et al 1969; Rimm 1984) |
|
|
This is universal across cultures |
facial expression |
|
|
Who did a study on the development of facial expression discrimination? (babies viewing upright happy faces can distinguish happy faces, but not when the faces are inverted) |
Leppanen (2009) |
|
|
How old are you when you can discriminate between facial emotions? |
7 months (Leppanen, 2009) |
|
|
emotions and preferences |
affect |
|
|
transient states that include bodily responses, facial expression, and subjective evaluation that indicate an internal or external is significant; limited in time |
emotion |
|
|
a diffuse affective state of low intensity and long duration, sometimes without apparent cause |
mood |
|
|
Boily changes that occur in emotion, e.g. heart rate, sweating, release of stress hormones |
arousal |
|
|
Positive or Negative quality of an emotional response |
valence |
|
|
Theory that categorizes emotion as an initial external experience (stimuli), that is then subject to perception/interpretation, a specific patter of autonomic arousal occurs, and a particular emotion is experienced stimulus ->perception/interpretation -> specific pattern of atomic arousal -> particular emotion |
James-Lang Theory |
|
contradicts James-Lang Theory. Thalamus is at play - activates both physiological arousal and "afferent paths to cortex" (experiment with cats - arousal system removed) |
Canon-Bard Theory |
|
Theory that sates cognitive factors are determinants of emotional states - the environment fills in the holes |
Schacter & Singer (1962) |
|
|
Experiment that involved injecting adrenaline unknowingly into 6 groups (2 - angry, euphoric) and three groups to test emotional states (symptom informed group, misinformed group, not informed). Showed that cognitive labels are a response to physiological excitation and past experience provides context within which one understands and labels feelings |
Schacter & Singer 1962 |
|
|
What were the weaknesses of the Schacter and Singer study? |
1) the experiment lacked ecological validity 2) the samples was all males college students 3) the results were not as impressive as expected - the participants in the euphoria and anger situation were not actually euphoric and angry 4) no assessment was made of the subjects mood before the injection. |
|
|
The evaluation of an emotion through perception |
cognitive appraisal |
|
|
Researcher who theorized affective judgments occur before and independently of cognition, e.g., how much you like a painting |
Zajonc (1980, 1984) |
|
|
Researcher who theorized emotion cannot occur without cognitive appraisal. e.g., physiological arousal rests both from watching a horror movie and asking someone on a date - how do you know how to "feel" without cognitively appraising the situation first? |
Lazarus (1981, 1984) |
|
|
Researcher who agrees with Lazarus: emotional response (disgust vs. joy/embarrassment) depends on there reason why you experience the arousal. |
Schacter & Singer (1962) |
|
|
Criticisms of arousal |
The role of arousal has been overstated and ignores the role of the central nervous system & the amygdala. |
|
|
Brain structure that gets it name from its almond like shape |
Amygdala |
|
|
Major researcher of the Amygdala |
Joseph LeDoux |
|
|
If you are not in immediate danger, how is a fear response processed? |
Through a longer route. emotional stimulus -> Sensory themes -> sensory cortex -> Hippocampus -> amygdala ->emotional response |
|
|
If you are in immediate danger, how is a fear response processed? |
Through a short route: emotional stimulus -> amygdala -> emotional response |
|
|
The output region of the Amygdala |
Central Nuculi |
|
What is this? |
Fear Condition Pathway |
|
|
What is the theory of fears that are primal? |
Affective Primacy Hypothesis |
|
|
What are the details of the Murry 2007 study regarding reward and emotion? |
Monkeys when confronted with a rubber snake, a rubber spider or neutral objects. On each trial, a single object was placed within a Plexiglas box; monkeys could retrieve a food reward located on top of the box only by reaching over the object. When confronted with the snake, control monkeys often failed to take the food within the 30-second trial limit, in which case they were assigned a score of 30 seconds |
|
|
In the Murry 2007 study with the Rhesus Monkeys, what happened to the monkeys with Amygdala lessons? |
There was no perceptibility to categorize different fear objects - even the hardwired one. (no ability to differentiate if a toy is more or less dangerous than a snake) |
|
|
the "silent" area of the brain which is part of the inhibitory network tat keeps spontaneous cell activity low |
The Amygdala |
|
|
What does the amygdala prevent? |
1) cells from firing to irrelevant stimuli 2) flow of information modulated by neurotransmitters/hormones |
|
|
Novel stimuli elect responses, but.... |
rapidly habituate with repeated response |
|
|
How does Exposure Therapy work for OCD and phobias? |
inhibition/habituation can be overcome when a novel stimulus is presented wit ha significant emotional event |
|
|
Changing the participants mood upon arriving in the lab (e.g. repairing film clip, music, or focusing on a negative or positive stimuli) |
Mood Induction |
|
|
Exposing a participant to words or pictures that carry in valence and arousal |
Evocative Stimuli |
|
|
How can we measure emotion? |
Direct assessment & indirect assessment |
|
|
What is direct assessment? |
self-report measures (requires honesty from participant) |
|
|
what are indirect assessment measures? |
objective, physiological measures: pupil dilation, eye blink startle, sweating, increased heart rate and blood pressure |
|
|
An umbrella term for a list of basic processes that supervise, coordinate, and control the execution of more basic cognitive processes |
Executive Function |
|
|
What do "cognitive processes" include? |
working memory, attention, spatial abilities... integrating pieces o information in a cohesive story requires attention and working memory |
|
|
Why are cognitive abilities correlated with each other? |
Because executive functioning (EF) contribute to all of them. |
|
|
When we are focused on the lecture, and the e-mail notification goes off (ding!) we have to disengage from the email and reengage in the previous task of watching lecture. This is called... |
task switching, cognitive control, or cognitive flexibility and it involves... shifting between tasks or mental set, updating and monitoring of working memory, and inhibition of dominate or pre-potent responses |
|
|
Our brains are on autopilot of processing most o the time.... Let's say you are presented with 90% green circles, and every time you see one you press a button, but if a blue square pops up you have to use THIS function to not press the button. |
Inhibition - during a "go, no-go task" |
|
|
Test that inhibits a dominant response |
The Stroop |
|
|
The dorsolateral functions of the frontal lobe include what kinds of executive function? |
-Integration of multimodal sensory information, -Generation of multiple response alternatives, -selection of appropriate response, -maintenance of set, -persistence, -set shifting flexibility, -spatial working memory |
|
|
What happens when dorsolateral function fails? |
-Difficulty integrating sensory information -Generation of few, stereotypes response alternatives -Poor judgment in response selection -Perseveration |
|
|
Example of dorsolateral function failure |
Phantom Limb pain... associated with traumatic injury to the amputated limb. Because of nerve damage caused to the nerves they are stuck in a pain cycle. |
|
|
how does mirror box treatment for phantom limb pain work? |
you receive neural feedback, and pain cycle can actually be interrupted |
|
|
What is the frontal lobe critical in for executive function? |
Goal-setting Completion of purposeful tasks Planning |
|
|
What role does executive functioning play in social behavior |
Inhibition, judgment/insight, attention |
|
|
What part of Phineas Gage's brain was damaged? |
The left ventromedial region |
|
|
- Unable to cope at school (Academically or interpersonally) -unable to maintain employment - can not report on time, misses out important steps, can not learn from experience -Unable to deal with finances -unable to maintain relationships All examples of..... |
Frontal Lobe Disruption |
|
|
Cognitive and personality changes that are particularly distressing for family and associates of the sufferer is known as... |
frontal lobe syndrome |
|
|
Types of injury which can result to frontal lobe |
trauma: blows from the front, back, or side the head, whiplash Diseases: strokes, lesions, meningitis, tumor |
|
|
Quotes by David, 1992 |
“The frontal lobes constitute approximately one-third of the brain, therefore localising a disturbance to this region is rather like a person directing a visitor to an address marked ‘Europe’. “ |
|
|
Cognitive disturbances characterized by lesion |
laterality, location, within the frontal lobe and the extent of the damage |
|
|
Damage to each of at least three major areas of frontal cortex... |
... will produce a different neuropsychological profile |
|
|
Examples of tasks of nonverbal reasoning |
Tower tasks: tower of Hanoi, tower of London |
|
|
What are the executive functions involved in solving tower of Hanoi? |
planning, sequencing, working memory, goal maintenance, coordination of spatial awareness, generating multiple outcomes, decision making |
|
|
Example of a task involving attention and inhibition |
Wisconsin Card Sort Task (categorizing by shape, card, and color - rules change every 10 cards... you have to read the mind of the administrator) |
|
|
Tasks which can be used to measure inhibition |
Antisaccade task, Go/No-go task |
|
This is an example of a... |
Antisaccade Task |
|
This is an example of a... |
Go/No-Go task |
|
|
What is conflict monitoring? |
How am I doing? Are my responses correct or incorrect? |
|
|
What is automatic verse effortful processing? |
effortful procession knowingly overrules automatic processing |
|
What is this? |
The Picture-Word task. used to measure conflict monitoring. The test-taker must override their automatic response to say whether or not a picture matches a word within the trial category. |
|
top verses bottom. Explain |
Top is healthy controls, they understand when they make an error. SZ patients have a larger response to trials because they are unable to know if their answers right or wrong |
|
|
also known as set-shifting, shifting o set, [cognitive] set change |
Task-switching |
|
|
What does "switching" cost? |
Time. the difference to change between 2 tasks costs about 100-300 milliseconds |
|
|
Does multitasking exist? |
No. although there are individual differences (some people are better than others), there is loss for ALL individuals when performing dual tasks |
|
|
Example of a task switching task |
a letter-digit pair is presented. goal is switched every two trials, alternating between trials in which the subject is required to name the digit and trials in which the subject is required to name the letter. The time required to change from one goal to the other, the switching costs is measured by the difference in reaction time on these two type of trials. (Rogers et al., 1998) |
|
|
In task switching, what kind of impairment do patients with prefrontal lesions show? |
Patients with prefrontal lesions showed impairment only on the color-cue condition. |
