Child Development Exam 1

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Cross-Sectional Design

Back 1

An approach that uses multiple groups of participants who represent the age span of interest to the researcher

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Macrosystem

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Attitudes and ideologies of the culture

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Cross-Sequential Design

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Uses multiple groups of participants and follows them over a period of time, w/ the beginning age of each group being the ending age of another group

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Exosystem

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Extended family, friends of family, neighbors, legal services

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Cohort Effect

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Differences b/w groups in a cross-sectional or cross-sequential study that are attributable to the fact that the participants have had different life experiences

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Null Hypothesis

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The hypothesis tested by an experiment that there will be no diffeence in the outcome for the groups in an experiment

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Microsystem

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Family, school, health services, church group, peers

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Basic Research

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Research that has the primary goal of adding to our body of knowledge rather than having immediate application

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Meta-Analysis

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Combines the data from different studies to determine whether there is a consistent pattern of findings across studies

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Applied Research

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Research that has the primary goal of solving problems or improving the human condition

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Informed Consent

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Informing research participants of the risks and benefits of participating in the research and guaranteeing them the right to withdraw from participation if they wish

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Scientific Method

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The process of formulating and testing hypothesis in a rigorous and objective manner

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Hypothesis

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A prediction, often based on theoretical ideas or observations, that is tested by the scientific method

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Gene

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The basic unit of inheritance (made of DNA)

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Operationalize

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To define a concept in a way that allows it to be measured

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Molecular Genetics

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Focuses on the ID of particular genes to understand how these genes work within the cell

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Behavioral Genetics

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Research to determine the degree of genetic basis for a behavior, a trait, or an ablity

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Validity

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The ability of a research tool to accurately measure what it purports to measure

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Reliability

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The ability of a measure to produce consistent results

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Interrater Reliability

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A measure of consistency in the data gathered by multiple observers

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Behavioral Genomics

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Research that links behaviors w/ specific genes

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Zygote

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The fertilized egg that begins to divide into the cells that will develop into the embryo

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Chromosomes

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The strands of genes that constitute the human genetic endowment

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Konrad Lorenz

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Imprinting- the automatic process by which animals attach to their mother (Based on a critical period)

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Biological view "If you let a child alone, they would do well

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Dizygotic (DZ) Twins

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Two eggs fertilized by two different sperm (as similar as siblings)

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Experimental Group

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The group that gets the special treatment that is of interest to the researcher

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Control Group

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Doesn't get special treatment and provides a baseline against which the experimental group can be compared

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Ecological Systems Theory

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Urie Bronfenbrenner (ecosystem: affects child indirectly

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Monozygotic Twins (MZ)

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One egg fertilized by one sperm resulting in the egg splitting into two (same genes)

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Population

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A set that includes everyone in a category of individuals that we are interested in studying

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Random Assignment

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Assigning participants to the experimental and control groups by chance so that the groups will not systematically differ from each other

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Variable

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A characteristic that can be measured and that can have different values

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Polygenetic Inheritance

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Numerous genes may interact together to promote any particular trait or behavior

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Independent Variable

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The variable in an experiment that the researcher manipulates

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Pleiotropic Effects

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Any single gene may have many different influences

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Generalize

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To draw inferences from the findings of research on a specific sample about a larger group or population

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Generalist Genes

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Genes that affect many, apparently distinct cognitive abilities

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Observer Bias

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The tendency for an observer to notice and report events that he is expecting to see

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Mutations

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Changes in the formation of genes that occur as cells divide

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Checklist

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A prepared list of behaviors, characteristics or judgements used by observers to assess a child's development

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Father of Learning Theory

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John Locke "blank state" view

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Dependent Variable

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The outcome of interest to the researcher that is measured at the end of an experiment

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Time Sample

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A data collection technique in which a researcher observes an individual for a predetermined period of time and records the occurrence of specific behaviors of interest to the research during that period

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Event Sample

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A data collection technique in which a researcher records information about all occurrences of a cohort set of behaviors being investigated

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Interviews

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A data collection technique in which an interviewer poses questions to a respondent

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Natural or "quasi" Experiment

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Research in which the members of the groups are selected b/c they represent different "treatment" conditions

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Negative Correlation

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As the value of one variable increases, the value of the second variable decreases

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Positive Correlation

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The value of one variable increases as the value of the second variable increases

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Questionnaires

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A written form of a survey

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Surveys

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A data collection technique that asks respondents to answer a common set of questions

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B.F. Skinner

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Associated w/ operant conditioning

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Correlation

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A measure of the strength and direction of the relationship b/w two variables

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Longitudinal Design

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Follows one group of individ. across time and looks at the same or similar measures at each point of testing

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Clinical Interview

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An interview technique in which the interviewer can deviate from a standard set of questions to gather additional information

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Norm

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The average or typical performance of an individ. of a given age on a test

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John B. Watson

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Associated w/ classical conditioning

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Attrition

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The loss of participants over the course of a longitudinal study

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Archival Records

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Data collected at an earlier date that are used for research purposes

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Multifactorial Inheritance Disorders

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Disorders that result from the interaction of many genes in interaction w/ environmental influences

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Sample Bias

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Changes in the makeup of the sample in a longitudinal or cross-sequential study that make the sample less representative over time

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Chromosome Disorders

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Result when too many or too few chromosomes are formed or when there is a change in the structure of the chromosome caused by breakage

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Arnold Gesell

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Maturational Theory (developmental occurs according to prearranged scheme) (age norms of development)

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Sigmund Freud

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Psychoanalytic theory (importance of early development on later development)

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Albert Bandura

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rewards and punishments, bobo doll!, observational learning, modeling

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Single Gene Disorders

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Genetic disorders caused by recessive genes or mutations

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Case Study

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An in-depth study of a single individ. or small group of individ. which uses multiple methods of study

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Charles Darwin

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Theory of evolution, importance of observing babies

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Epigenetics

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A system by which genes are activated or silenced in response to events or circumstances in the individ. environment

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Canalization

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The degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment

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Passive Gene-Environment Interaction

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A child's family shares his own genetically determined abilities and interests

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Evocative Gene-Environment Interaction

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Children's genetic endowment causes them to act in a way that draws out or "evokes" certain responses from those around them

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Niche-Picking

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Individ. choose the part of their environment (the "niche") in which they feel comfortable, based on their genetic predispositions

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Active Gene-Environment Interaction

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A child's genetic endowment becomes a driving force to seek out experiences that fit her genetic endowments

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Culture

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The system of behaviors, norms, beliefs, and traditions that form in order to promote the survival of a group that lives in a particular environmental niche

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Collectivism

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The cultural value that emphasizes obligations to others within your group

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Individualism

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The cultural value that emphasizes the importance of the individ. w/ emphasis on independence and reliance on one's own abilities

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Cultural Neuroscience

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The study of the interaction of culture, the mind, and the development of the brain

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Out-Group

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Those who are not in our group (tend to view these ppl as the same)

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In-Group

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Identifying oneself with a particular group of ppl (tend to see these ppl as individuals)