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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Continuous Development |
-gradual -Watson |
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Discontinuous Development |
-stages -Erikson, Piaget, Freud |
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Freud's Psychodynamic Theory |
1. Oral = 0-1 years, creates the Id 2. Anal = 1-3 years, creates the Ego 3. Phallic = 3-6 years, created the Super Ego 4. Latency = 6-12 years 5. Genital = 12+ years |
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Erikson's Psychosocial Theory |
1. Trust vs mistrust = 0-1 years 2. Autonomy vs shame/doubt = 1-3 years 3. Initiative vs guilt = 3-6 years 4. Industry vs inferiority = 6-12 years 5. Identity vs role confusion = 12-20 years 6. Intimacy vs isolation = 20-30 years 7. Generativity vs stagnation = 30-65 years 8. Integrity vs despair = 65+ years |
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Piaget's Periods of Cognitive Development |
1. Sensorimotor = 0-2 years 2. Preoperational = 2-7 years 3. Concrete operational = 7-12 years 4. Formal operational = 12+ years |
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Piaget's Principle of Adaption |
1. Assimilation: reinterpret new experiences so they fit into old ideas 2. Accommodation: change old ideas so that they can adapt to new ones |
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Learning Approach |
-Cognitive social learning theory: children learn behaviorism, observe and imitate role models -Information-processing theory: focuses on how the input of info turns into the output through behaviors |
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Dynamic Systems Perspective |
-focuses on changes over time that results |
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How modeled behavior becomes matched behavior |
1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Reproduction 4. Motivation |
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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory |
-development is the product of social and cultural experiences -emphasizes importance of cultural variation such as language and technology |
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Brofenbrenner's Ecological Theory |
-experiences and relationships in layers of environmental systems impact child development |
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Brofenbrenner's Ecological Model of Development |
1. Mesosystem 2. Exosystem 3. Macrosystem 4. Chronosystem |
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Ethological Approach |
-focuses on adaptive or survival behavior within specific contexts |
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Evolutionary Approach |
-focuses on evolutionary change in the human brain and cognitive functioning |
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Research Methods of Child Psychology |
1. Self reports 2. Reports by family, teachers and peers 3. Direct observation |
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Lab Experiment |
Includes: -control group -experimental group -independent variable -dependent variable -random assignment of subjects |
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Field Experiment |
-relies on natural observation -risks observer bias |
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Natural Experiments |
-measures the effects of natural occurring events or changes -no random assignment |
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Cross-sectional Method |
-compares different age levels at the same point in time |
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Longitudinal Method |
-studies subjects over time at various points in their life |
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Sequential Method |
-combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal |
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Genotype |
-specific set of genes inherited from one's parents -only identical twins have identical genotype |
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Phenotype |
-observable and measurable genetic expressions of individual physical and behavioral characteristics |
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Oviduct |
-sperm and egg unite here |
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-Ovum |
-female egg -largest cell in the body |
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-Sperm |
-male fertilization cell -smallest cell in the body |
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Chromosomes |
-stores and transmits genetic info -located in cell nucleus |
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Genes |
-segments of DNA located along chromosomes -trigger production of proteins by the DNA splitting and replicating -located in cell nucleus |
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DNA |
-substance of which genes and chromosomes are made -binding element of a chromosomes -ladder-like structure |
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Meiosis |
-cell division of sex cells |
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Mitosis |
-replication process that occurs in all cells |
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Alleles |
-alternate form of a gene |
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Homozygous |
-alleles from both parents have the same specific genes or traits |
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Heterozygous |
-alleles from both parents have different specific genes or traits |
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Sex Chromosomes |
-XX = female -XY = male |
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Sex Chromosome Anomalies |
-Turner syndrome (XO pattern) -Triple X (XXX pattern) -Klinefelter's syndrome -Fragile X syndrome |
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Genetic Counseling |
-for parents facing birth of abnormal or special child |
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Prenatal Diagnostic Tests |
-ultrasound -genetic markers for -amniocentesis -chorionic villi sampling |
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Canalization |
-measure of the ability of a population to produce the same phenotype regardless of variability of its environment or genotype |
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Passive Genetic-environmental Interaction |
-environment encourages predispositions |
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Evocative Genetic-environmental Interaction |
-inherited tendencies evoke certain responses from others |
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Active Genetic-environmental Interaction |
-genetic makeup encourages niche picking |
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Zygote |
-first two weeks -fertilization, implantation, start of placenta |
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Embryo |
-week 3 through week 8 -arms, legs, face, organs, muscles develop -heart begins beating |
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Fetus |
-week 9 until birth -growth and finishing |
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Embryonic Period |
-ectoderm forms outer skin, nails, hair and nervous system -mesoderm forms muscles and skeleton -endoderm forms vital organs and glands |
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Cephalocaudal Development |
-pattern of human physical growth proceeds from head downward |
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Proximal-distal Development |
-human growth first in central areas and the extends outwards |
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Fetal Period |
-rapid muscular development -rapid development in CNS -4 months- fetal movement -5 months- reflexes -after 5 months- lanugo (soft hair) -6 months- eyes open and close |
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Age of Viability |
-22-26 weeks |
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Baby Frieda |
-born at 21 weeks and 5 days -weighed 1lb |
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Tarogens |
-may cause developmental deviations -each has its own effects -longer exposure, worse it is |
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Risks of Alcohol and Nicotine |
-sudden death syndrome -fetal alcohol syndrome -other developmental effects: lower IQ, poor school performance, higher risk for dependency |
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Risks of Heroine, Cocaine and Other Drugs |
-withdrawal symptoms in newborns -birth defects |
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Environmental Toxins |
-radiation, lead, herbicides, pesticides, food additives, exhaust fumes, x-rays |
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Maternal Factors that may Effect Unborn Child |
-age and parity -diet -emotional state -diseases and disorders -parasitic and bacterial infections |
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Age and Parity |
-fertility decreases with age -miscarriage and chromosomal damage risks increase with age -older fathers contribute to poor outcomes -teen moms at greatest risk |
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Diet |
-effects by ethnicity and education |
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Emotional State |
-stress during pregnancy and childbirth -support can help and comfort |
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Diseases and Disorders |
-timing effects outcomes -mumps, rubella, Rh factor incompatibility |
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Parasitic and Bacterial Infections |
-STDs, chlamydia, syphilis, herpes (etc.) -HIV and AIDS up to 25% chance of transmission |
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Apgar Scale |
-scores of 0,1 or 2 -measures body color, heartbeat, reflexes, muscle tone and respiratory effort |
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Long-term Effects of Prematurity |
-many emotions effecting relationships -stress of special needs and coping |
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Anoxia |
-oxygen deprivation -failure to begin breathing |
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Long-term Effects of Anoxia |
-brain injury -the greater the deprivation, the poorer the child's cognitive and language skills are in middle childhood |
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Preterm Babies |
-born weeks before their due date -may be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy |
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Small-to-date Babies |
-may be born at due date or preterm -below expected weight for length of pregnancy -often have more serious problems |
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) |
-between 2-4 months -leading cause of infant mortality |
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Why Infants Cry |
-basic needs: hunger -anger: loss of pacifier -pain: stomach ache -most mothers can distinguish between these |
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Ways to Soothe a Baby |
-talk softly -play rhythmic sounds -swaddle -rock or walk -ride in car, swing, carraige |
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Sensations |
-sensory receptors detect stimuli |
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Perceptions |
-interpretations of stimuli |
