Chapter 8 Sociology

Front 1

Class

Back 1

a strata or group of people who occupy a similar economic position

Front 2

How class systems differ from slavery and castes

Back 2

Class: Strata of people occupying similar economic position; fluid, can be achieved or inherited.
Caste: Social status, no mobility (fixed for life), born into it.

Front 3

Income

Back 3

wages and salaries earned from paid employment

Front 4

Wealth

Back 4

all owned assets (cash, investments, savings accounts, etc.)

Front 5

Personal Property

Back 5

Income & Wealth

Front 6

Social Mobility

Back 6

Movement of individuals or groups between different social positions.

Front 7

Vertical Mobility

Back 7

Movement up or down a hierarchy of positions in a social stratification system.

Front 8

Absolute Poverty

Back 8

The minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence.

Front 9

Relative Poverty

Back 9

Poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society.

Front 10

Culture of Poverty

Back 10

Poor are responsible for their own poverty (Blame the Victim perspective)
Wealthy are responsible for their success.
The social classes demonstrate important distinctions in values beliefs, and norms.
The poor tend to pass on to their children cultural capital that is not compatible with economic success in society.

Front 11

Social Exclusion & forms

Back 11

The outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups form participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live.

Front 12

Means of Productions

Back 12

The means by which people gain a livelihood.
Coined by Marx.

Front 13

Capitalists

Back 13

Seek to maximize “surplus value”.
People who own companies, land, or stocks and use these to generate economic returns.

Front 14

Surplus Value

Back 14

The value of a worker's labor power, in Marxist theory, left over when an employer has repaid the cost of hiring the worker.

Front 15

Contradictory Class Location

Back 15

Positions in the class structure, particularly routine white-collar and lower managerial jobs, that share characteristics of the class positions both above and below them.

Front 16

Social Closure & Types

Back 16

Frank Parkin.
a process whereby groups maintain exclusive control over resources and limit other group’s access to these resources.
Exclusion: separate outsiders
Usurpation: attempts by less privileged to acquire resources
Race is a form of social closure that has been monopolized by one group to that group’s advantage
“the one drop rule”

Front 17

Endogamy

Back 17

Social restrictiions (marriage within social group only)

Front 18

Apartheid

Back 18

abolished in 1992 by whites.
2 groups- whites and everybody else

Front 19

Legitimating Rationale

Back 19

chalk the inequalities up to religious beliefs (Hindus)

Front 20

Caste System (India and South Africa)

Back 20

?

Front 21

Caste Society

Back 21

?

Front 22

Structured Inequality

Back 22

Inequalities that result from patterns in social structure.

Front 23

Slavery

Back 23

27 million slaves

Front 24

race

Back 24

“a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.

People may classify each other racially based on physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features, hair texture, and body shape.

Front 25

ethnicity

Back 25

cultural practices (e.g. language, religion, customs, and distinctive clothing) that differentiate one group from another.

Front 26

situational ethnicity

Back 26

assert ethnicity occasionally

Front 27

Symbolic Ethnicity

Back 27

assimilation into the larger culture, enaging in ethnic customs on occasions such as St. Patrick’s Day

Front 28

Racialization

Back 28

Historical and social process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people.

racialization has meant that certain groups of people came to be labeled as constituting distinct biological groups on the basis of naturally occurring physical features.

racialization has taken on codified institutional forms (e.g., slavery in the American colonies and apartheid in South Africa).

Front 29

Racism

Back 29

Attributions of notions of superiority/inferiority to a group that share certain physical inherited characteristics

Front 30

Instituitional racism

Back 30

practices or norms of discrimination, enacted by social institutions, that have the effect of disadvantaging

Front 31

Prejudice

Back 31

opinions or attitudes held by one group about another

Front 32

Discrimination

Back 32

behavior intended to disadvantage

Front 33

Stereotyping

Back 33

misconceptions about the characteristics of a group of people

Front 34

Biomedical/Medical Model of Health vs. Sociological View of Health

Back 34

Medical: illness is objective label, concrete deviation from healthy, no moral/political connotations, biological causes.

Sociological: illness is subjective category, becomes moral if person violates expectations of sick role, shaped by social stratification.

Front 35

Sociology of the Body

Back 35

?

Front 36

Health Literacy

Back 36

?

Front 37

Obesity

Back 37

?

Front 38

Sick Role

Back 38

Physical or mental illness disrupts social functioning and social operations

Front 39

Stigma

Back 39

We construct statuses or “sick roles” for people who become ill, so as to minimize the impact (e.g. stigma) from being ill.

Front 40

Social Epidemiology

Back 40

Studies distribution of incidence of disease and illness within a group (new cases in time frame)

Front 41

Morbidity

Back 41

deaths

Front 42

Mortality

Back 42

symptoms, illnesses, injuries, or impairments