Sociology Final Exam Chapter 16

Front 1

the transformation of culture and social institutions over time

Back 1

social change

Front 2

an organized activity that encourages and discourages social change

Back 2

social movement

Front 3

the process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue

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claims making

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a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison

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relative deprivation

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an event, generally unexpected, that causes extensive harm to people and damage to property

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disaster

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social patterns resulting from industrialization

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modernity

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the process of social change begun by industrialization

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modernization

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specialized economic activity

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division of labor

Front 9

Durkheim's term for a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals

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anomie

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a society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties

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mass society

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a capitalist society with pronounced social stratification

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class society

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personality patterns common to members of a particular society

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social character

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rigid conformity to time-honored ways of living

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tradition-directedness

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social patterns characteristic of postindustrial societies

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postmodernity

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social change

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-the transformation of culture and social institutions over time. This process has four major characteristics:
• Social change happens all the time
• Social change is sometimes intentional but often unplanned
• Social change is controversial
• Social changes matter more than others

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causes of social change

Back 16

Culture, Conflict, Ideas, Demographics, and Social Movements, Disasters

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sources of social change

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• Invention
• Discovery
• Diffusion

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ideas and change

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• Max Weber contributed to our understanding of social change by highlighting the importance of ideas, and revealing how the religious beliefs of early Protestants set the stage for the spread of industrial capitalism

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demographic change

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• Demographic factors such as population growth, shifts in the composition of a population, or migration also influence social change

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social movements and change

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• Social movements: organized activities that encourage or discourage social change
• Social movements are characterized in terms of the breadth and depth of the change they are seeking.

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types of social movements

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o Alternative
o Redemptive
o Reformative
o Revolutionary

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stages in social movements

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A. Emergence
B. Coalescence
C. Bureaucratization
D. Decline

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explaining social movements

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A. Deprivation Theory (related to relative deprivation, a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison)
B. Mass-Society Theory-attract socially isolated people who join a movement to gain a sense of identity
C. Resource-Mobilization Theory- success of movement is linked to available resources
D. Culture Theory- depend not only on money and resources, but cultural symbols
E. New Social Movements Theory- in postindustrial societies and focus on quality of life

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types of social movements

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9o Alternative- seek limited change in specific individuals (promise keepers)
o Redemptive- seek radical change in specific individuals (alcoholic anonymous)
o Reformative- seek limited change in whole society (environmental movement)
o Revolutionary- seek radical change in whole society (communist party)

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Kai Erikson: social consequences of disasters

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o Disasters also cause serious damage to human community
o Social damage is more serious when an event involves some toxic substance
o The social damage is most serious when the disaster is caused by the actions of other people

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4 characteristics of modernization

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o The decline of small, traditional communities
o The expansion of personal choice
o Increasing social diversity
o Orientation toward the future and a growing awareness of time

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Fredinand Tonnies

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• Gemeinschaft & Gesselschaft societies
• Interpreted modernization as a loss of community, or the decline of gemeinschaft and the rise of gesselschaft

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Durkheim

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• Division of labor
• Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
• Stressed that modernization involved an increased division of labor: specialized economic activity and a shift from mechanical to organic solidarity
• Anomie: a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals (i.e. normlessness)

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Max Weber

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Weber analyzed modernization as the replacement of tradition with rationality

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Karl Marx

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• Marx analyzed modernization as the ascendancy of industrial capitalism. He anticipated a socialist revolution that would lead to an egalitarian society

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the ever expanding state

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-In the small-scale, preindustrial societies of Europe, government amounted to little more than a local noble. As technological innovation allowed governments to expand, the centralized state grew in size and importance. In a mass society, power resides in large bureaucracies, leaving people in local communities little control over their lives. The growing scale of modern life may have positive aspects, but only at the cost of our losing cultural heritage.

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social-conflict analysis in social change

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• Modernity takes the form of a class society: a capitalist society with pronounced social stratification
A. Capitalism
-Class society theory follows Marx in claiming that the increasing scale of social life in modern times has resulted from the insatiable appetite of capitalism
B. Persistent Inequality
-Mass society theorists contend that the state works to increase equality and combat social problems. Class society theorists conclude that despite our pretensions of democracy, most people are still powerless in the face of wealthy elites.

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modernity and the individual

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A. Mass Society: problems of identity
-modernization brings changes in social character: personality patterns common to members of a society. Preindustrial societies are characterized by tradition-directedness, rigid personalities based on conformity to time honored ways of living. Modern societies reflect other-directedness, receptiveness to the latest trends and fashions, often expressed in the practice of imitating others.
B. Class Society: problems of powerlessness
-class society theory maintains the persistent inequality undermines modern society’s promise of individual freedom; this problem is most pronounced among certain minority groups. Herbert Marcuse condemns modern society as irrational because it fails to meet the needs of many people

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***➢ Whether people see change as progress depends on their underlying values

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***➢ Japan is a nation at once traditional and modern. This contradiction reminds us that although it is useful to contrast traditional and modern social patterns, the old and the new often coexist in unexpected ways.

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five themes of postmodernity

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1. In important respects, modernity has failed
2. The bright light of progress is fading
3. Science no longer holds the answers
4. Cultural debates are intensifying
5. Social institutions are changing
However, modernity has raised living standards, despite its failings.

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poverty is caused largely by traditionalism. Consequently, intervention in the economies of the poorer societies by advanced nations is deemed necessary.

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modernization theory

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dependency theorists

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the economic reliance of poor societies on rich societies and on multinational corporations means that poorer societies are unlikely to be able to duplicate the experiences of the developed societies

Front 38

Sociologists use the term "modernity" to refer to social patterns that emerged when?

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after the industrial revolution

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What are the common causes of social change?

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invention of new ideas and things, diffusion from one cultural system to another, and discovery of existing things

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Karl Marx highlighted the importance of what in the process of social change?

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social conflict

Front 41

Max Wever's analysis of the rise of rational, modern society highlighted the importance of which of the following in the process of social change?

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ideas

Front 42

What term did Ferdinand Tonnies use to describe a modern society?

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Gesellschaft

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According to Emile Durkheim, what to modern societies have?

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an increasing division of labor

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The flooding in the midwest in 2008 is one recent case of what?

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a natural disaster

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Sociologists who describe modernity in terms of class-society theory focus on what?

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the rise of capitalism

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David Riesman described the other-directed social character typical of modern people as?

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eagerness to follow the latest fashions and fads