Last Half Of Ch.7 A&p

Front 1

the process of maintaining temperature through homeostasis

Back 1

thermoregulation

Front 2

a process that involves a series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions in which glucose is broken down to yield lactic acid or pyretic acid

Back 2

glycolysis

Front 3

a process that releases energy from organic compounds. takes 3 processes, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain

Back 3

cellular respiration

Front 4

a particular chemical affected by the enzymes.

Back 4

substrate

Front 5

the metabolic breakdown of stored carbohydrates,fats,or proteins in order to provide energy

Back 5

catabolism

Front 6

building complex molecules in the body from simpler materials.

Back 6

anabolism

Front 7

the term that encompasses all of the reactions that happen within the cell

Back 7

cellular respiration

Front 8

essential minerals that are found in small amounts, each make up less than 0.005% of adult body

Back 8

trace elements

Front 9

inorganic elements essential for human metabolism

Back 9

minerals

Front 10

organic compounds that are required for normal metabolism

Back 10

minerals

Front 11

is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Back 11

calorie

Front 12

include carbohydrates lipids proteines vitamins minerals and water

Back 12

nutrients

Front 13

the amount of energy that can be obtained from the nutrients you is is measured in

Back 13

kilocalories

Front 14

the correct term for the rate at which nutrients are consumed in the body is the

Back 14

basal metabolic rate

Front 15

numerous chemical and biologic processes that run continuously as long as the organism is living is known as

Back 15

metabolism

Front 16

follicular cells enlarge to form a temporary ________ _______ which secretes large amounts of progesterone and estrogen during the last half of the cycle

Back 16

corpus luteum

Front 17

the females first productive cycle is known as

Back 17

menarche

Front 18

one of __________ gland lies on each side of the vaginal opening

Back 18

vestibular gland

Front 19

lies between the labia major and are flattened, longitudinal folds composed of connective tissue

Back 19

labia minora

Front 20

a thin membrane of connective tissue and epithelium that partially covers the vaginal orifice

Back 20

hymen

Front 21

a fibromuscular tube about 7.5-9 cm in length extending from the civix to the outside of the body

Back 21

vagina

Front 22

the outer serosal layer covering the body of the uterus and part of the cervix

Back 22

perimetrium

Front 23

the thickest portion of the uterine wall making up the muscular middle layer

Back 23

myometrium

Front 24

receives the developing embryo, sustaining its development

Back 24

uterus

Front 25

open near the ovaries and are each about 10cm long they pass medially to the uterus, penetrating its wall and opening into the uterine cavity

Back 25

uterine tubes ( fallopian tubes, or oviducts)

Front 26

the primordial follicles mature into _________

Back 26

primary follicles

Front 27

is the process of egg cell formation, which begins at puberty

Back 27

oogenesis

Front 28

before birth, a female fetus develops small cell groups in the outer ovarian cortex that form several million

Back 28

primordial follicles

Front 29

between age 13-15 testosterone is produced making the body reproductively functional, this process is referred to as __________

Back 29

puberty

Front 30

the most important androgen, loosely attaching to plasma proteins for secretion and transport via the blood

Back 30

Testosterone

Front 31

_______ (male sex hormones) mostly produced in the testicular interstitial cells

Back 31

androgens

Front 32

this is known as lutenizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Back 32

gonadotropins

Front 33

this increases pressure inside the erectile tissues, helping to force semen through the urethra to outside of the body

Back 33

ejaculation

Front 34

the movement of sperm cells from the testes and secretions of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles into the urethra is known as

Back 34

emission

Front 35

physiological and psychological releases with the culmination of sexual stimulation

Back 35

orgasm

Front 36

the erectile tissue expands with blood and the penis swells and elongates to produce an __________

Back 36

irrection

Front 37

the _________ is cylindrical in shape, and conveys urine and semen through the urethra

Back 37

penis

Front 38

the fluid that the male urethra conveys to the outside of the body during ejaculation

Back 38

semen

Front 39

also known as cowper glands are about 1cm in diameter and lie inferior to the prostate gland surrounded by the external urethral sphincter muscle

Back 39

bulbourethral glands

Front 40

__________ are muscular tubes approximately 45cm in length, they each pass upward along the medial side of the testicles

Back 40

vasa deferential

Front 41

the process in which sperm cells are formed

Back 41

spermatogenesis

Front 42

male sex hormones are produced and secreted by these______________

Back 42

interstitial cells

Front 43

the testes are found in this cavity

Back 43

scrotum

Front 44

lies on the posterior muscular wall of the a abdomen behind the peritoneum in the retroperitoneal space

Back 44

kidneys

Front 45

_________ __________ is made of conical tissue called renal pyramids, and has striations.

Back 45

Renal Medulla

Front 46

the functional unit of the kidneys

Back 46

nephron

Front 47

is known to help regulate the menstrual cycle in females and may play a role in regulating sperm in men

Back 47

inhibin

Front 48

generally a result from pharmacologic doses of cortisone, used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. pt suffers from persistent hyperglycemia because of the high levels of glucorticoid.

Back 48

cushings syndrome

Front 49

an autoimmune reaction in which the cells of the adrenal cortex are recognized as foreign and are then destroyed by the body own immune system

Back 49

addison disease

Front 50

produces hormones called catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) which assist the body in coping with physical and emotional stress by increasing the heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure

Back 50

adrenal medulla

Front 51

is a glucocorticoid produced in the middle adrenal cortex that also influences protein, and fat metabolism. it inhibits protein synthesis, promotes fatty acid release, and stimulates the liver to synthesize glucose

Back 51

cortisol

Front 52

synthesizes aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid that helps regulate mineral electrolyte concentrations.

Back 52

outer adrenal cortex

Front 53

helps the kidneys to balance sodium and potassium and simulates water retention via the process of osmosis

Back 53

aldosterone

Front 54

helps to regulate the endocrine system with a wide range of effects though out the body

Back 54

somatostatin

Front 55

produce somatostatin

Back 55

delta cells

Front 56

condition in which the pt either does not produce enough insulin or lacks the ability to use it effectively.

Back 56

diabetes mellitus

Front 57

glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose by a process known as

Back 57

glycogenolysis

Front 58

glucagon stimulates both the liver and the kidneys to produce glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules by a process known as ___________

Back 58

gluconeogenesis

Front 59

insulin causes substances such as sugar and fatty acids and amino acids to be taken up and metabolized by the cells. insulin also stimulates the storage of unmetabolized food and the conversion of glucose into _________

Back 59

glycogen

Front 60

this organ of both the endocrine and digestive systems functions as two glands; an endocrine gland releasing the hormones insulin and glucagon and as an exocrine gland secreting digestive juices.

Back 60

pancreas

Front 61

maintains normal levels of calcium in the blood and normal neuromuscular function.

Back 61

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 62

hormone secreted by the thyroid, though it is produced by its extra follicular cells rather than the follicular cells. it regulates concentrations of blood calcium and phosphate ions, and its release is controlled by blood concentrations of calcium ions

Back 62

calcitonin

Front 63

the large gland at the base of the neck is called the _____________ , it consists of two lobes. it also manufactures and secretes hormones that have a role in growth, developmental, and metabolism.

Back 63

thyroid gland

Front 64

molecules that bind to a cells receptor and trigger a response by that cell: they produce some kind of action or biologic effect.

Back 64

agonist

Front 65

molecules that bind to a cells receptors and blocks the action of agonists

Back 65

antagonist

Front 66

often referred to as the mast gland, because its secretions control the secretions of other endocrine glands, it is located at the base of the brain and is about the size of a grape.

Back 66

pituitary gland

Front 67

lipids made from arachidonic acid in cell membranes of the kidneys, heart,liver,lungs,pancreas, brain. they usually act more locally than hormones, and are potent in small quantities.

Back 67

prostaglandins

Front 68

these hormones are not soluble in water but are in fat (lipids). there fore they can easily diffuse into nearly any cell in the body because lipids make up the majority of cell membranes

Back 68

Steroid hormones

Front 69

the majority of hormones are either ________ which are made from cholesterol, or __________ including amines, glycoproteins, peptides, or proteins.

Back 69

Steroids

non steroidal

Front 70

the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus gland, and reproductive glands are all types of ___________

Back 70

major endocrine glands

Front 71

the lowest end of the colon is the ________

Back 71

rectum

Front 72

a tube 3-4" long that opens into the cecum (first part of the large intestine) in the right lower quadrant

Back 72

appendix

Front 73

inflamed colon

Back 73

colitis

Front 74

portion of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the rectum, is to absorb the final 5-10% of digested food and water from the intestine to form solid stool, which is stored in the rectum.

Back 74

colon

Front 75

major hollow organ, consists of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. about 5' long, it encircles the outer border of the abdomen around the small bowel.

Back 75

large intestine

Front 76

large hollow organ consisting of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.

Back 76

small intestine

Front 77

the liver is connected to the intestine by the _______ __________.

Back 77

bile ducts

Front 78

an out pouching from the bile duct that serves as a reservoir and concentrating organ for bile produced in the liver.

Back 78

gallbladder

Front 79

a large solid organ that takes up most of the area immediately beneath the diaphragm in the upper right quadrant and extends into the left upper quadrant. bile is made by this daily to assist in digestion of fat

Back 79

liver

Front 80

a flat solid organ lies below and behind the liver and stomach and behind the peritoneum. contains two types of glands, exocrine gland secrete nearly 2L of pancreatic juice daily, the other portion of the gland is endocrine, which is called the islets of Langerhans, and is where insulin is produced.

Back 80

pancreas

Front 81

muscular contractions in the wall of the stomach and gastric juices, which contains a lot of mucus, converts ingested food to a thoroughly mixed semisolid mass called __________

Back 81

Chyme

Front 82

the skin serves three major functions,

Back 82

-to protect the body in the environment

-to regulate the temperature

-transmit information from the environment to the brain

Front 83

the most superficial layer of the skin and varies in thickness in different areas of the body

Back 83

epidermis

Front 84

also known as the stratum basale or stratum germinativum, which continuously produces new cells that germinate and gradually rise to the surface

Back 84

germinal layer

Front 85

consists of 31 pairs of nerves arising bilaterally from between the vertebrae of the spine

Back 85

spinal nerves