Ch.9 (Gastrointestinal System) A&p Vocab

Front 1

cells that produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food

Back 1

absorptive cells

Front 2

the muscular layer of the wall of the alimentary canal

Back 2

adventitia

Front 3

opening in the duodenum into which the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct drain

Back 3

ampulla of Vater

Front 4

the short tube at the end of the rectum that contains two circular sphincters (internal and external) which help regulate the passage of stool

Back 4

anal canal

Front 5

the distal orifice of the alimentary canal, where stool passes from the body

Back 5

anus

Front 6

inflammation of the appendix

Back 6

appendicitis

Front 7

one of four portions of the colon, it extends upward from the cecum

Back 7

ascending colon

Front 8

a digestive enzyme produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Back 8

bile

Front 9

a pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

Back 9

carboxypeptidase

Front 10

the blind sac at the beginning of the large intestine

Back 10

cecum

Front 11

digestion of foods by enzymes in the stomach and bowel

Back 11

chemical digestion

Front 12

cells in the stomach mucosa that produce pepsinogen, an important enzyme in the digestion of food

Back 12

chief cells

Front 13

symptoms from cholelithiasis, also called a gallbladder attack

Back 13

cholecystitis

Front 14

a hormone produced in the intestine that stimulates the production of pancreatic secretions and gallbladder contractions and inhibits gastric motility

Back 14

cholecystokinin

Front 15

the presence of gallstones

Back 15

cholelithiasis

Front 16

a semiliquid mass formed in the stomach by churned food mixed with digestive juices

Back 16

chyme

Front 17

a pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins

Back 17

chymotrypsin

Front 18

a portion of the GI system extending from the small intestine to the rectum that maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water, also called large intestine

Back 18

colon

Front 19

a fiberoptic scope used in the visual examination of the colon

Back 19

colonoscope

Front 20

tubular glands located in the colon, which contain many mucous- producing goblet cells

Back 20

crypts

Front 21

the route through which the gallbladder releases bile

Back 21

cystic duct

Front 22

one of four portions of the colon, it extends from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon

Back 22

descending colon

Front 23

large dome-shaped muscle used for respiration that represents the boundary between the abdominal and thoracic cavities

Back 23

diaphragm

Front 24

enzyme that breaks down sugars

Back 24

disaccharidases

Front 25

weakened areas (outpouchings) in the walls of the colon

Back 25

diverticuli

Front 26

inflammation of the diverticuli

Back 26

diverticulitis

Front 27

the sharp bend in the small intestine between the duodenum and jejunum

Back 27

duodenojejunal flexure

Front 28

the first of the three sections of the small intestine, it extends posteriorly from the stomach and arches 180 degrees within the abdomen

Back 28

duodenum

Front 29

cells in the stomach mucosa that produce regulatory hormones

Back 29

endocrine cells

Front 30

an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

Back 30

esophageal hiatus

Front 31

two muscular rings (upper and lower) that regulate the movement of material into and out of the esophagus

Back 31

esophageal sphincters

Front 32

the expandable hollow tube through which partially digested food passes from the mouth to the stomach

Back 32

esophagus

Front 33

gas within the colon

Back 33

flatus

Front 34

the bottom of a hollow organ

Back 34

fundus

Front 35

a saclike organ located on the lower surface of the liver that acts as a reservoir for bile

Back 35

gallbladder

Front 36

rigid stones formed by digestive enzymes within the gallbladder

Back 36

gallstones

Front 37

a hormone that inhibits both gastric secretion and motility

Back 37

gastric inhibitory peptide

Front 38

numerous pits in the stomach mucosa, also called invaginations

Back 38

gastric pits

Front 39

a hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the stomach that increases stomach secretions as well as the rate of gastric emptying

Back 39

gastrin

Front 40

irritation of the stomach often caused by overproduction of stomach acid by the parietal cells

Back 40

gastritis

Front 41

the opening from the esophagus to the stomach

Back 41

gastroesophageal opening

Front 42

system composed of structures and organs involved in the consumption, digestion, and elimination of food; also called the digestive system

Back 42

gastrointestinal (GI) system

Front 43

cells that produce a protective mucous lining

Back 43

goblet cells

Front 44

recesses in the colon caused y contractions of the teniae coli

Back 44

haustra

Front 45

sensation often caused by the back flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, also called reflux esophagitis

Back 45

heartburn

Front 46

large veins that line the inside of the anal canal

Back 46

hemorrhoidal plexus

Front 47

abnormal dilation of veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus

Back 47

hemorrhoids

Front 48

the first turn (sharp left turn near the inferior border of the liver) in the large intestine at the end of the ascending colon and beginning of the transverse colon

Back 48

hepatic flexure

Front 49

a specialized portion of the circulatory system that directs blood from the intestine through the liver for processing

Back 49

hepatoportal system

Front 50

a weakening in the esophageal hiatus that allows the stomach to move above the diaphragm and may result in acid reflux, causing heartburn

Back 50

hiatal hernia

Front 51

an acid produced by parietal cells in the stomach that aids in digestion

Back 51

hydrochloric acid

Front 52

the junction between the ileum and large intestine

Back 52

ileocecal junction

Front 53

the last portion of the small intestine

Back 53

ileum

Front 54

the chemical substance produced by parietal cells that is important in the absorption of vitamin B12

Back 54

intrinsic factor

Front 55

numerous pits in the stomach mucosa, also called gastric pits

Back 55

invaginations

Front 56

the middle portion of the small intestine, it has walls and more folds than other parts

Back 56

jejunum

Front 57

a capillary and lymph channel contained in each villus

Back 57

lacteal

Front 58

a portion of the GI system that extends from the small intestine to the rectum and maintains water balance by absorbing and excreting water, also called colon

Back 58

large intestine

Front 59

pancreatic enzymes that break down fat

Back 59

lipases

Front 60

a large abdominal organ that secretes bile into the gallbladder, it is the largest internal organ of the body

Back 60

liver

Front 61

an opening of a vessel

Back 61

lumen

Front 62

chewing

Back 62

mastication

Front 63

an anatomic landmark in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen that typically represents the location of pain associated with appendicitis

Back 63

McBurney's point

Front 64

chewing of food

Back 64

mechanical digestion

Front 65

part of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the organs

Back 65

mesenteries

Front 66

the motion of substances through the digestive tract

Back 66

motility

Front 67

the innermost lining of the lumen of each portion of the alimentary canal, rich in glands; lymphatic tissue and blood vessels

Back 67

mucosa

Front 68

bacteria that are located in the colon and help in the digestion of food

Back 68

normal flora

Front 69

a cavity created by a double fold of mesentery, which extends inferiorly from the stomach

Back 69

omental bursa

Front 70

an elongated organ located in the left upper quadrant within the C-shaped loop of the small intestine, it secretes digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon

Back 70

pancreas

Front 71

the duct through which digestive enzymes pass on their way through the common hepatic duct to the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater

Back 71

pancreatic duct

Front 72

cells in the gastric mucosa that produce hydrochloric acid

Back 72

parietal cells

Front 73

a smooth membrane of connective tissue that lines the abdominal cavity

Back 73

parietal peritoneum

Front 74

one of three sets of salivary glands

Back 74

parotid gland

Front 75

an enzyme formed from the exposure of pepsinogen to hydrochloric acid that is important in the initial breakdown of proteins

Back 75

pepsin

Front 76

an enzyme produced by the chief cells that is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid

Back 76

pepsinogen

Front 77

a condition in which parts of the stomach and duodenal lining are eroded by stomach acid

Back 77

peptic ulcer disease

Front 78

enzymes that break down proteins

Back 78

peptidases

Front 79

the process of contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the alimentary tract that serves to propel food through the system

Back 79

peristalsis

Front 80

a two layer smooth membrane of connective tissue that surrounds a group of digestive organs within the abdomen

Back 80

peritoneum

Front 81

a potentially life threatening inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity

Back 81

peritonitis

Front 82

intermittent patches of lymph nodes located in the ileum

Back 82

Peyer's patches

Front 83

circular folds that run perpendicular to the long axis of the digestive tract and increase the surface area available for absorption

Back 83

plicae circulares

Front 84

the opening between the stomach and small intestine

Back 84

pyloric opening

Front 85

the thick ring of smooth muscle that surrounds the pyloric opening

Back 85

pyloric sphincter

Front 86

the distal portion of the large intestine, ending at the anal canal

Back 86

rectum

Front 87

the back flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, also called heartburn

Back 87

reflux esophagitis

Front 88

an area behind the parietal peritoneum that contains the kidneys, pancreas, duodenum and major blood vessels of the abdominal cavity

Back 88

retroperitoneal space

Front 89

thick folds of the stomach wall

Back 89

rugae

Front 90

the fluid produced by the salivary glands that helps break down starches and other polysaccharides into simple sugars, washes the oral cavity and helps weaken bacteria

Back 90

saliva

Front 91

the primary enzyme in salvia

Back 91

salivary amylase

Front 92

the glands the produce saliva, includes the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Back 92

salivary glands

Front 93

a hormone produced by the duodenum that inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates the production of alkaline pancreatic secretions

Back 93

secretin

Front 94

the outer lining of the bowel

Back 94

serosa

Front 95

one of four portions of the colon, it extends from the descending colon and forms an S-shaped tube that extends into the pelvis and ends as the rectum

Back 95

sigmoid colon

Front 96

the portion of the GI system that consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and is the major site for food digestion and nutrient absorption

Back 96

small intestine

Front 97

a ring of muscle that surrounds an opening allowing for contraction or closing

Back 97

sphincter

Front 98

a second sharp turn in the large intestine, connecting the transverse to the descending colon

Back 98

splenic flexure

Front 99

an expandable organ that is located in the left upper quadrant below the diaphragm

Back 99

stomach

Front 100

one of the three sets of salivary glands

Back 100

sublingual glands

Front 101

one of the three sets of salivary glands

Back 101

submandibular glands

Front 102

the lining next to the mucosa in the GI system that contains blood vessels and lymphatic channels

Back 102

submucosa

Front 103

a portion of the longitudinal muscle layer of the wall of the large intestine that encircles the colon

Back 103

teniae coli

Front 104

one of four portions of the colon, it extends from the hepatic flexure across the abdomen to the splenic flexure

Back 104

transverse colon

Front 105

a pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of proteins

Back 105

trypsin

Front 106

the navel, which serves as the central reference point in determining the location of organs in the abdominal quadrants

Back 106

umbilicus

Front 107

an appendage attached to the end of the cecum that contains large numbers of lymph nodules

Back 107

vermiform appendix

Front 108

fingerlike projections in the plicae circulares

Back 108

villi

Front 109

a smooth membrane of connective tissue that lies in close contact with the organs within the peritoneal cavity

Back 109

visceral peritoneum