Ch.5 (Circulatory System) A&p Vocab

Front 1

the early phase of repolarization in which the cell contains such a large concentrations of ions that it cannot be stimulated to depolarize

Back 1

absolute refractory period

Front 2

the pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood

Back 2

afterload

Front 3

leukocytes that lack granules

Back 3

agranulocytes

Front 4

stimulation of alpha receptors that results in vasoconstriction

Back 4

alpha effect

Front 5

a decrease in the number of red blood cells, for any reason

Back 5

anemia

Front 6

one of the two branches of the left main coronary artery

Back 6

anterior descending coronary artery

Front 7

proteins within plasma that react with antigens

Back 7

antibodies

Front 8

substances on the surface of erythrocytes that are recognized by the immune system

Back 8

antigens

Front 9

the largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the entire body

Back 9

aorta

Front 10

one of the three described portions of the aorta, the section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions that give rise to the right brachiocephalic, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries

Back 10

aortic arch

Front 11

the semilunar valve that regulated blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta

Back 11

aortic valve

Front 12

the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Back 12

arteries

Front 13

the deposition of calcium in the arterial walls that results in a loss of elasticity and concomitant reduction in blood flow

Back 13

arteriosclerosis

Front 14

the first of the three portions of the aorta, originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to two branches, the right and left main coronary arteries

Back 14

ascending aorta

Front 15

a disorder characterized by the formation of plaques of material, mostly lipids and cholesterol, on the inner arterial walls

Back 15

atherosclerosis

Front 16

the site located in the right atrium adjacent to the septum that is responsible for transiently slowing electrical conduction

Back 16

atrioventricular (AV) node

Front 17

the two valves though which blood flows from the the atria to the ventricles

Back 17

atrioventricular valves

Front 18

one of the two chambers in the heart that receives blood back from the body

Back 18

atrium

Front 19

the ability of cardiac cells to generate an impulse to contract even when there is no external nervous stimulus

Back 19

automaticity

Front 20

the vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins, it drains into the subclavian vein

Back 20

axillary vein

Front 21

receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis

Back 21

baroreceptors

Front 22

the artery that is formed when the left and right vertebral arteries unite after entering the brain through the foramen magnum

Back 22

basilar artery

Front 23

one of the two major veins of the arm, it combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein

Back 23

basilic vein

Front 24

the least common of all granulocytes, they are important in both allergic and inflammatory reactions

Back 24

basophils

Front 25

stimulation of beta receptors that results in increased inotropic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states

Back 25

beta effect

Front 26

a waste product of red blood cell destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver

Back 26

bilirubin

Front 27

the fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, capillaries and veins and consists of plasma and formed elements or cells, such as red and white blood cells and platelets

Back 27

blood

Front 28

an abnormal "whooshing-like" sound indicating chaotic blood flow within a blood vessel

Back 28

bruit

Front 29

part of the conduction system of the heart, a continuation of the atrioventricular node

Back 29

bundle of his

Front 30

thin walled vessels that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass out into cells and allow carbon dioxide and waste products to pass from cells into the them

Back 30

capillaries

Front 31

the pumping process begins with the onset of myocardial contractions and ends with the beginning of the next contraction

Back 31

cardiac cycle

Front 32

expressed as liters per minute, the amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in a minute

Back 32

cardiac output

Front 33

a life-threatening state of shock that develops as a result of a large pericardial effusion

Back 33

cardiac tamponade

Front 34

the point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries

Back 34

carotid bifurcation

Front 35

an opening in the cranial vault through which the carotid arteries enter

Back 35

carotid canals

Front 36

a slight dilation in the carotid bifurcation that contains structures that are important in the regulation of blood pressure

Back 36

carotid sinus

Front 37

one of the two major veins of the arm that combine to form the axillary vein

Back 37

cephalic vein

Front 38

the part of the brain that is located dorsal to the pons and is responsible for coordination and balance

Back 38

cerebellum

Front 39

the arteries that supply blood to large portions of the cerebral cortex of the brain

Back 39

cerebral arteries

Front 40

receptors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain and heart the respond to changes in chemical composition of the blood to help maintain homeostasis

Back 40

chemoreceptors

Front 41

small muscular strands that attach the ventricles and the valves, preventing regurgitation of blood through the valves from the ventricles to the atria

Back 41

chordae tendineae cordis

Front 42

related to the control of the heart's rate of contraction

Back 42

chronotropic state

Front 43

an interconnection of the anterior cerebral arteries and the anterior communicating artery, which forms an important source of collateral circulation to the brain

Back 43

circle of Willis

Front 44

one of the two branches of the left main coronary artery

Back 44

circumflex coronary artery

Front 45

a group of complex electrical tissues within the heart that initiate and transmit stimuli that result in contractions of myocardial tissue

Back 45

conduction system

Front 46

the ability of cardiac cells to conduct electrical impulses

Back 46

conductivity

Front 47

the strength of heart muscle contraction

Back 47

contractility

Front 48

arteries that arise from the aorta shortly after it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients

Back 48

coronary arteries

Front 49

the condition that results when either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis is present in the arterial walls

Back 49

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Front 50

veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart

Back 50

coronary sinus

Front 51

the flaps that compromise the heart valves

Back 51

cusps

Front 52

the process of electrical discharge and flow of electrical activity from a cell

Back 52

depolarization

Front 53

one of the three portions of the aorta, it is the longest portion and extends through the thorax and abdomen into the pelvis

Back 53

descending aorta

Front 54

a process whereby leukocytes leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most

Back 54

diapedesis

Front 55

a continuation of the anterior tibial artery at the foot

Back 55

dorsalis pedis artery

Front 56

related to the control of the heart's conduction rate

Back 56

dromotropic state

Front 57

the portion of the blood ejected from the ventricle during systole

Back 57

ejection fraction

Front 58

an electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane at any given instant

Back 58

electrical potential

Front 59

a graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart

Back 59

electrocardiogram (ECG)

Front 60

a piece of clot that travels from one part of the body to another, potentially becoming an obstruction to blood flow

Back 60

embolus

Front 61

infection of a heart valve

Back 61

endocarditis

Front 62

granulocytes that contain granules that stain bright red with the acidic stain, eosin, and function in the body's allergic response

Back 62

eosinophils

Front 63

the layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart, also called visceral pericardium

Back 63

epicardium

Front 64

a naturally occurring hormone with greater stimulatory effect on beta receptors that also may be given as a cardiac drug

Back 64

epinephrine

Front 65

a serious condition that results when a pregnant woman's blood type is incompatible with the fetus' blood type and antibodies from the mother enter the fetal circulation and destroy the fetus' red blood cells

Back 65

erythroblastosis

Front 66

disk-shaped cells that carry oxygen to the tissue, red blood cells

Back 66

erythrocytes

Front 67

the process by which red blood cells are made

Back 67

erythropoiesis

Front 68

a property of cardiac cells that provides the cells with the ability to respond to electrical impulses

Back 68

excitability

Front 69

a continuation of the external iliac artery, it supplies femoral circulation to the thigh, external genitalia, anterior abdomen wall, and knee

Back 69

femoral artery

Front 70

a continuation of the saphenous vein that drains into the external iliac vein

Back 70

femoral vein

Front 71

a white insoluble protein formed in the clotting process

Back 71

fibrin

Front 72

an opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but closes shortly after birth

Back 72

foramen ovale

Front 73

depression between the right and left atria that indicates where the foramen ovale had been located in the fetus

Back 73

fossa ovalis

Front 74

a type leukocyte that has large cytoplasmic granules that are easily seen with a simple light microscope

Back 74

granulocyte

Front 75

a muscular, cone shaped organ whose function is to pump blood throughout the body

Back 75

heart

Front 76

the process of blood cell production in the bone marrow also called

Back 76

hematopoiesis/homopoiesis

Front 77

the protein in red blood cells that gives them their reddish color, it binds oxygen absorbed in the lungs and transports it to the tissues

Back 77

hemoglobin

Front 78

control of bleeding by formation of a blood clot

Back 78

hemostasis

Front 79

a substance found in large amounts in basophils that inhibits blood clotting

Back 79

heparin

Front 80

a specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the liver, stomach, intestines and spleen

Back 80

hepatic portal system

Front 81

the veins to which blood empties after liver cells in the sinusoids of the liver extract nutrients, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs

Back 81

hepatic veins

Front 82

a substance found in large amounts in basophils that increase tissue inflammation

Back 82

histamine

Front 83

one of two major large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart via the right atrium, blood from the lower body is returned to the heart by it

Back 83

inferior vena cava

Front 84

related to the strength of the heart's contraction

Back 84

inotropic state

Front 85

a membrane that separates the right and left atria

Back 85

interatrial septum

Front 86

insufficient oxygen at a particular tissue site often associated with obstruction of arterial blood flow to the site

Back 86

ischemia

Front 87

a yellowing of the skin and sclera of the eyes because of excessive concentrations of bilirubin in the blood

Back 87

jaundice

Front 88

the two main vessels that drain the head and neck

Back 88

jugular veins

Front 89

a cancerous condition in which certain cell lines begin to grow abnormally fast and invade other tissues

Back 89

leukemia

Front 90

white blood vessels that are responsible for fighting infections

Back 90

leukocytes

Front 91

the opening or hollow part of a blood vessel

Back 91

lumen

Front 92

the smallest of the agranulocytes, they originate in the bone marrow but migrate through the blood to the lymphatic tissues

Back 92

lymphocytes

Front 93

cells that are responsible for protecting the body against infection

Back 93

macrophages

Front 94

the area in the chest that lies between the lungs and contains the heart and great vessels

Back 94

mediastinum

Front 95

pain caused by partial occlusion of the mesenteric artery from atherosclerosis

Back 95

mesenteric angina

Front 96

blockage of a mesenteric artery resulting in necrosis of a portion of the bowel

Back 96

mesenteric infarction

Front 97

the valve in the heart that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

Back 97

mitral valve

Front 98

agarnulocytes that migrate out of the blood and into the tissues in response to an infection

Back 98

monocytes

Front 99

an abnormal heart sound, heard as a "whooshing-like" sound indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart

Back 99

murmur

Front 100

blockage of the arteries that supply oxygen to the heart, resulting in death to a portion of the myocardium

Back 100

myocardial infarction (MI)

Front 101

heart muscle

Back 101

myocardium

Front 102

one of the three types of granulocytes; they have multi-lobed nuclei that resemble a string of baseballs held together by a thin strand of thread; they destroy bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes and foreign matter

Back 102

neutrophils

Front 103

a naturally occurring hormone with a greater stimulatory effect on alpha receptors that also may be given as a cardiac drug

Back 103

norepinephrine

Front 104

the first positive wave in the normal cardiac conduction pattern, it represents movement of the electrical impulse through the atria, resulting in atrial contraction

Back 104

P wave

Front 105

the two arches formed from the radial and ulnar vessels within the hand, creating the superficial and deep palmar arches

Back 105

palmar arches

Front 106

specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the valves by muscular strands called chordae tendinae cordis

Back 106

papillary muscles

Front 107

one of the two layers of serous pericardium, it is separated from the visceral pericardium by a small amount of pericardial fluid

Back 107

parietal layer

Front 108

a condition, often caused by trauma, in which the pericardial sac fills with too much fluid, hampering the heart's ability to expand and contract properly

Back 108

pericardial effusion

Front 109

a serous fluid that fills the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium and helps to reduce friction

Back 109

pericardial fluid

Front 110

a thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart, also called the pericardium

Back 110

pericardial sac

Front 111

a life-saving procedure to correct cardiac tamponade, in which a needle is inserted into the pericardial sac to remove excess fluid that is restricting the heart from expanding and contracting properly

Back 111

pericardiocentesis

Front 112

infection or inflammation of the pericardial membranes, resulting in severe chest pain

Back 112

pericarditis

Front 113

a thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart, also called the pericardial sac

Back 113

pericardium

Front 114

inflammatory condition involving veins, often associated with thrombus formation within the vein

Back 114

phlebitis

Front 115

a watery, straw-colored fluid that accounts for more than half of the total blood volume

Back 115

plasma

Front 116

an enzyme that dissolves the fibrin in blood clots

Back 116

plasmin

Front 117

small cells in the blood that are essential for blood clot formation

Back 117

platelets

Front 118

the state of the resting cell, which normally has a net negative charge with respect to the outside of the cell

Back 118

polarized state

Front 119

the mass of nerve fibers at the end of the medulla oblongata

Back 119

pons

Front 120

a continuation of the femoral artery at the lower thigh

Back 120

popliteal artery

Front 121

the vein that forms at the anterior and posterior tibial veins unite at the knee

Back 121

popliteal vein

Front 122

a flat line or electrical pause that follows the P wave in the normal electrical conduction pattern and represents the time delay that occurs within the atrioventricular node

Back 122

P-R segment

Front 123

the circulatory system in the body that carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart

Back 123

pulmonary circulation

Front 124

a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when an embolus travels from one part of the body to the lungs, blocking blood flow to a portion of the lung

Back 124

pulmonary embolism

Front 125

the semilunar valve the regulates blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Back 125

pulmonic valve

Front 126

the second positive waveform that follows the P-R segment in the normal electrical conduction pattern and represents the depolarization of the ventricles, this complex corresponds to ventricular contraction or systole

Back 126

QRS complex

Front 127

spasms that develop in the digital arteries, particularly following emotional stress or cold exposure, resulting in white and cool fingertips

Back 127

Raynaud's phenomenon

Front 128

the latter phase of repolarization in which the cells are able to respond to a stronger-than-normal stimulus

Back 128

relative refractory period

Front 129

the process of returning to the cardiac cells' resting or polarized state that occurs once the cardiac cells depolarize

Back 129

repolarization

Front 130

an acute condition that affects children and young adults and may result in permanent damage to the aortic and mitral valves

Back 130

rheumatic fever

Front 131

the longest vein in the body, it drains the leg, thigh, and dorsum of the foot

Back 131

saphenous vein

Front 132

the two valves, the aortic and pulmonic valves, that divide the heart from the aorta and pulmonary artery

Back 132

semilunar valves

Front 133

the inner membrane of the pericardium, which contains two layers called the visceral and parietal pericardium

Back 133

serous pericardium

Front 134

the normal site of the origin of electrical impulses; located high in the right atrium, it is the heart's natural pacemaker

Back 134

sinoatrial (SA) node

Front 135

a part of the hepatic portal system in which blood collects within the liver and the liver cells extract nutrients from the blood, filter the blood, and metabolize drugs

Back 135

sinusoids

Front 136

a molecular (ion transporting) mechanism whereby sodium is actively moved out of a cell and potassium moved in

Back 136

sodium-potassium pump

Front 137

the second pause that occurs in the normal electrical conduction pattern and represents the beginning or repolarization of the heart

Back 137

ST segment

Front 138

the amount of blood that the left ventricle ejects into the aorta per contraction

Back 138

stroke volume

Front 139

the proximal part of the main artery of the arm, which supplies the brain, neck, anterior chest, wall and shoulder

Back 139

subclavian artery

Front 140

the proximal part of the main vein of the arm, which unites with the internal jugular vein

Back 140

subclavian vein

Front 141

one of two major large veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart via the right atrium, blood from the upper body is returned by it

Back 141

superior vena cava

Front 142

the circulatory system in the body that is responsible for blood flow in all areas of the body, except for areas covered by the pulmonary circulation

Back 142

systemic circulation

Front 143

contraction of the ventricular mass with its concomitant pumping of blood into the systemic circulation

Back 143

systole

Front 144

the third positive waveform in the normal electrical conduction pattern, it represents the completion of repolarization

Back 144

T wave

Front 145

blood clots

Back 145

thrombus

Front 146

an enzyme that causes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, which binds to the platelet plus, forming the final mature clot

Back 146

thrombin

Front 147

a continuation of the veins of the feet that unite at the knee to form the popliteal vein, which then drains into the femoral vein

Back 147

tibial veins

Front 148

a major component in the fibrinolytic system, in which clots that have already formed are lysed or disrupted, converting plasminogen to plasmin

Back 148

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

Front 149

the heart valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

Back 149

tricuspid valve

Front 150

the outer layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue

Back 150

tunica adventitia

Front 151

the smooth, thin, inner lining of a blood vessel

Back 151

tunica intima

Front 152

the middle and thicket layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand

Back 152

tunica media

Front 153

the blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart

Back 153

veins

Front 154

space between the membranes surrounding the brain that are the primary means of venous drainage from the brain

Back 154

venous sinuses

Front 155

one of the two lower chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

Back 155

ventricle

Front 156

the layer of the serous pericardium that lies closely against the heart, also called the epicardium

Back 156

visceral layer