Chapter 4 To 8 Anatomy And Physiology Final Review

Front 1

Tissue:

Back 1

Collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substances that surround them

Front 2

Histology:

Back 2

-microscopic study of tissues

Front 3

Biopsy vs autopsy

Back 3

Biopsy: removing tissues (tiny sample) to look at it under a microscope to see why it is different or what is wrong

Autopsy: in an autopsy after someone has already died (not on living tissue) as soon as you die, your cells die too. looking at dead cells

Front 4

Common characteristics of epithelial tissues

Back 4

1. Mostly epithelial cells, little EC matrix
2. Line the skin, lines many body cavities, lines respiratory tracts and organs and protect these,
3. Distinct Surfaces: basal surface, free surface, lateral surface
4. Connections: adjacent cells connected to one another, epithelial cells connected to an extracellular matrix
5. Non-vasclar: no blood flow directly to these areas

Front 5

Functions of epithelial cells

Back 5

Protection: outer layer of epithelium protects inner layers from abrasion. Example, mucus in digestive organs prevents friction so allows things to move through without abrasion.

Barrier: epithelial cells act as a barrier from substances moving through it. Example is skin, stratified layers protect underneath


Selectively permeable: allows for gas and ion and molecule exchange. example: simple cuboidal cells in kidney act as a filter. simple squamous cells in lungs allow gas exchange.

Secretion: secrete substances through epithelium cells, such as sweat glands, mucus mucus, or hormones. Example is thyroid secreting hormones. Simple cuboid and pseudo stratified

Absorbtion: plasma membrane of certain epithelium cells contain carrier proteins that regulate absorption of materials. example is digestive organs and kidneys

Front 6

Classification of layers:

simple squamous

simple cuboidal

stratified cuboidal

stratified columnar

Back 6

simple squamous: linning of serous membranes of body cavities

simple cuboidal: kidney tubule glands, and their ducts,

stratified cuboidal: sweat gland ducts

stratified: esophagus, when you eat or drink cells get sloughed off


stratified columnar: larynx

Front 7

Functions of connective tissue

Back 7

1. Enclosing and separating tissues from each other: Enclose and separate tissues. Sheets of connective tissue form capsules around organs, such as the liver and kidneys. Also separate tissues and organs. For example connective tissue separate muscles, arteries, veins, and nerves from one another.
2. Connect tissues to each other: tendons muscles to bones, ligaments: bone to bone
3. Supporting structures and allow for movement: bones and cartilage provide support and allow the body to move
4. Storage: adipose tissue (fat) stores energy and bones store minerals (calcium and phosphate)
5. Cusioning and insulation: adipose tissue provides cusioning around organs and provides insulation beneath skin that helps preserve heat
6. Transportation: blood moves materials throughout body
7. Protection: immune cells and blood help protect body from toxins and microorganisms. Bones protect underlying structures from injury.