Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 4

Front 1

tissues

Back 1

collection of specialized cells working together to perform specific tasks

Front 2

embryonic germ layer (three layers)

Back 2

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Front 3

ectoderm

Back 3

forms into the nervous tissues

Front 4

mesoderm

Back 4

forms into the muscle and connective tissues

Front 5

endoderm

Back 5

forms the inner lining of the digestive track

Front 6

where is epithelial tissue located?

Back 6

exposed surfaces, covering digestive and respiratory organs, lining the walls and organs of the ventral body cavity, forming glands throughout the body

Front 7

glands

Back 7

structures that produce secretions

Front 8

characteristics of epithelial tissue (5)

Back 8

cellularity, avascularity, innervated, regeneration, polarity

Front 9

avascularity

Back 9

has no blood vessels

Front 10

innervated

Back 10

has nerve fibers

Front 11

apical surface of epithelial tissue

Back 11

exposed upper surface

Front 12

basal surface of epithelial tissue

Back 12

provides lower attachment to basement membrane

Front 13

epithelial tissue functions (4)

Back 13

provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions

Front 14

neuroepithelium

Back 14

unique epithelium for senses

Front 15

glandular epithelium

Back 15

layers of epithelium that all cells are capable of secretion

Front 16

classification of epithelial cells; shape (3), layering (2)

Back 16

squamous, cuboidal, columnar; simple, stratified

Front 17

simple squamous; functions (3), locations (3)

Back 17

allows for filtration and diffusion, absorbs materials, secretes lubrication to reduce friction; air sacs of the lungs, inner lining of blood vessels & heart, kidney glomeruli

Front 18

simple cuboidal; functions (2), locations (5)

Back 18

absorbs, secretes; thyroid gland, glandular tissue, ducts throughout the body, portions of kidney tubules, surface of the ovaries

Front 19

simple columnar; functions (2), locations (4)

Back 19

absorbs nutrients, secretes mucus and enzymes; lining of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, small bronchi in the lungs, uterine tubes, portions of the uterus

Front 20

pseudostratified; function (3), locations (3)

Back 20

secretes mucus, protection, uses cilia to move mucus; lines nasal cavity, lines trachea and upper respiratory tract, portions of sperm carrying ducts of the male reproductive tract

Front 21

stratified squamous; functions (1), location (3)

Back 21

protection against abrasion, pathogens, foreign and chemical attacks; surface of the skin, layers of the mouth and esophagus, lining of the rectum, anus, and vagina

Front 22

stratified cuboidal; functions (3), locations (2)

Back 22

protection, secretion, absorption; rarely seen within the body, ducts of mammary glands and sweat glands

Front 23

Stratified columnar; function (1); location (2)

Back 23

protection; small amounts are found within the pharynx and the male urethra, sometimes within the mammary gland

Front 24

transitional cells; function (1), location (1)

Back 24

expansion and retraction of tissues, lines ureters, urinary bladder, and a portion of the urethra

Front 25

endocrine glands

Back 25

release hormones directly into interstitial fluid

Front 26

exocrine glands

Back 26

produce secretions onto epithelial surfaces; mucus, sweat, oil, saliva

Front 27

unicellular exocrine glands

Back 27

single celled; found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts

Front 28

multicellular exocrine glands

Back 28

structurally more complex; two major units (epithelial derived duct, secretory unit)

Front 29

simple ducts

Back 29

has a single duct that is not divided on its way to a gland

Front 30

compound ducts

Back 30

duct divides one or more times on the way to the gland

Front 31

tubular secretory unit

Back 31

cells for a tube

Front 32

alveolar/acinar secretory unit

Back 32

form empty sacs or cavities

Front 33

tubuloalveolar secretory unit

Back 33

combination of both tubular and alveolar/acinar

Front 34

merocrine secretion

Back 34

release by vesicles through exocytosis; sweat glands

Front 35

apocrine secretion

Back 35

released by shedding apical portion of a cell and cytoplasm; portion of mammary glands

Front 36

holocrine secretion

Back 36

released by rupturing cells & killing gland cells; gland cells replaced by underlying cell layers; sebaceous glands

Front 37

mesenchyme

Back 37

mesodermal embryonic tissue that develops into connective tissue

Front 38

connective tissue functions (6)

Back 38

establishing structural framework; protects organs; stores energy; provides insulation; defends from invading microorganisms; transporting fluids and dissolved materials

Front 39

fibroblasts

Back 39

builds connective tissue proper

Front 40

chondroblasts

Back 40

build cartilage tissue

Front 41

osteoblasts

Back 41

builds bone tissue

Front 42

hemoblasts

Back 42

builds blood cells

Front 43

extracellular matrix

Back 43

surrounds cells; made up of protein fibers and ground substance

Front 44

ground substance

Back 44

unstructured materials, fill space between cells, contain protein fibers

Front 45

collagen fibers

Back 45

most common fibers in connective tissue proper; long, straight, and unbranched; strong and flexible to resist force in one direction

Front 46

reticular fibers

Back 46

network of interwoven fibers; strong and flexible to resist force in multiple directions; stabilize functional cells and structures within the body

Front 47

elastic fibers

Back 47

contain protein elastin; branched and wavy; return to original length after stretching

Front 48

fibroblasts

Back 48

the most abundant cell type; found in all connective tissue proper; secrete proteins and hyalauronan

Front 49

hyalauronan

Back 49

cellular cement

Front 50

fibrocytes

Back 50

the second most abundant cell type; maintain the fibers of connective tissue proper

Front 51

blast

Back 51

immature cells actively making matrix material

Front 52

cytes

Back 52

mature cells not actively making matrix

Front 53

adipocytes

Back 53

fat cells; each cell stores a single, large fat droplet

Front 54

mesenchymal cells

Back 54

stem cells that respond to injury or infection

Front 55

melanocytes

Back 55

synthesize and store the brown pigment melanin

Front 56

macrophages

Back 56

large, amoeba-like cells of the immune system; eat pathogens and damaged cells

Front 57

fixed macrophages

Back 57

stay within tissue

Front 58

free macrophages

Back 58

migrate through tissue

Front 59

mast cells

Back 59

stimulate inflammation after injury or infection; release histamine and heparin

Front 60

histamine

Back 60

stimulates inflammation

Front 61

heparin

Back 61

anticoagulant

Front 62

lymphocytes

Back 62

specialized immune cells in lymphatic system; may develop into plasma cells

Front 63

plasma cells

Back 63

produce antibodies

Front 64

microphages

Back 64

phagocytic blood cells; respond to signals from macrophages and mast cells

Front 65

loose connective tissues

Back 65

the "packing materials" of the body; three types in adults: areolar, adipose, reticular

Front 66

areolar tissue; function, locations, structure

Back 66

cushion organs, defense against diseases, holds blood vessels and capillary beds; below the dermis of the skin, surrounds organs, around both joints and blood vessels; least specialized, contains all 3 fiber types

Front 67

adipose tissue; function, locations, structure

Back 67

provide padding and cushion for shocks, insulation against heat loss, storing energy for later use; underneath the layers of the skin (sides, buttocks, breasts), padding around eyes and kidneys; contains adipocytes (fat cells), large triglyceride in the center,

Front 68

two types of adipose tissue

Back 68

white fat, brown fat

Front 69

white fat

Back 69

pale yellow-white color; most common adipose tissue, stores fat, absorbs shocks, acts as insulation

Front 70

brown fat

Back 70

deep reddish brown color; when stimulated by nervous system, fat breakdown accelerates, releasing energy;

Front 71

reticular tissue; function, location, structure

Back 71

complex, three-dimensional support network, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow;

Front 72

dense connective tissues

Back 72

tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastic fibers; dense regular, dense irregular, elastic tissue

Front 73

dense regular connective tissue; function, location, structure

Back 73

attached muscles to bone, attaches bone to bone, withstand tensile stress; tightly packed and parallel collagen fibers, few elastic fibers, fibroblasts are the primary cell type

Front 74

dense irregular connective tissue; function, location, structure

Back 74

withstand tension, provide structural support; forms capsules around some organs, layered in skin, around cartilages, around bones; interwoven networks of irregularly arranged collagen fibers, fibroblasts are the primary cell type

Front 75

elastic tissue; function, location, structure

Back 75

allows tissue to stretch, cushion shocks, stabilizes positions; walls of arteries, ligaments of spine, ligaments supporting penis; made of elastic fibers, fibroblasts are the primary cell type

Front 76

cartilage features

Back 76

stands up to both tension and compression, no nerves except for perichondrium layer, avascular, ground substance is made of dense network of collagen and elastic fibers, matrix is made up of 80% water

Front 77

perichondrium

Back 77

2 layers; outer layer for protection; inner layer cellular layer for growth

Front 78

chondroblasts

Back 78

cartilage making cells

Front 79

chondrocyte

Back 79

mature cartilage cell

Front 80

lacunae

Back 80

small chambers within cartilage where chondrocytes sit

Front 81

types of cartilage growth

Back 81

interstitial growth and appositional growth

Front 82

interstitial growth

Back 82

enlarges cartilage from within, chondrocytes divide, most important during development

Front 83

appositional growth

Back 83

adds more layers to the surface, cells within the perichondrium divide repeatedly making chondroblasts, as the new cells age form chondrocytes, increases the size of cartilage

Front 84

types of cartilage (3)

Back 84

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Front 85

hyaline cartilage; function, location, structure

Back 85

supports and reinforces, acts as a cushion against compression; ends of long bones, coastal cartilage, nose, trachea, larynx; collagen fibers forms a network of chondroblasts; chondroblasts form the matrix and lacunae

Front 86

elastic cartilage; function, location, structure

Back 86

maintains shape and structure, flexible; external ear and epiglottis; network of collagen fibers, more elastic fibers in matrix

Front 87

fibrocartilage; function, location, structure

Back 87

high tensile strength against compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits movement; between pubic bone, intervertebral discs, pads knee joint; thick collagen fibers

Front 88

bone or osseous tissue

Back 88

ability to support and protect body structures, provides cavities for fat storage and blood cell creation

Front 89

osteoblasts

Back 89

produce organic portions of the matrix

Front 90

osteocytes

Back 90

mature cells reside in lacunae;

Front 91

periosteum

Back 91

the double layered sheath for each bone similar to perichondrion; covers bone surfaces

Front 92

fibrous layer (of periosteum)

Back 92

attaches to surrounding tissue

Front 93

cellular layer (of periosteum)

Back 93

is in charge of growth

Front 94

fluid connective tissue: blood

Back 94

does not actually connect or give support to things; carry specific cell types

Front 95

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

Back 95

carries oxygen to regions of the body

Front 96

white blood cells (leukocytes)

Back 96

part of the immune response

Front 97

platelets

Back 97

necessary for blood clotting

Front 98

blood; function, location, structure

Back 98

transport respiratory gases and nutrients and waste; blood vessels; red and white blood cells and platelets within plasma