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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Body Membranes |
- Cover body surface - Line body cavities - Form protective sheets around organs |
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Cutaneous Membrane |
- Dry membrane - Outermost protective boundary - Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium - Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue |
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Mucous Membrane |
- Surface epithelium type depends on site × stratified squamous epithelium - mouth, esophagus × simple columnar epithelium - rest of digestive tract - Underlying loose connective tissues (lamia propria)
- Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface - Often adapted for absorption or secretion |
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Serous Membrane |
- Surface is a layer of simple squamous epithelium - Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue - Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body - Occur in pairs separated by serous fluid × visceral layer covers the outside of the organ × parietal layer lines a portion of the wall of ventral body cavity |
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Peritoneum |
Found in the abdominal cavity |
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Pleura |
Found around the lungs |
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Pericardium |
Found around the heart |
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Synovial Membrane |
- Connective tissue only - Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints - Secretes a lubricating fluid |
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Epidermis |
Outer layer of skin - Stratified squamous epithelium - Often hardened by keratin |
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Subcutaneous Tissue |
AKA hypodermis - Not part of the skin - Anchors skin to underlying organs - Composed of mostly adipose tissue |
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Stratum Basale/Germinativum |
- Deepest layer of epidermis - Lies next to the dermis - Cells undergoing mitosis - Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers -- stratum spinosum + stratum granulosum |
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Stratum Lucidum |
- Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata - Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms and soles of feet |
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Stratum Corneum |
- Outermost layer of epidermis - Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin) |
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Melanin |
- Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes - Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale - Color is yellow to brown to black - Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight |
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Melanin |
Yellow, brown, or black pigments |
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Carotene |
Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables |
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Hemoglobin |
- Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries - Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring |
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Sebaceous Glands |
- Produce oil - Lubricant for skin - Prevent brittle hair - Kill bacteria - Activated at puberty - Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface |
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Sweat Glands |
- Produce sweat - Widely distributed in skin - Two types: × eccrine - open via duct to pore on skin surface × ducts empty into hair follicles |
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Sweat |
Composition: - mostly water
- salts and vitamin c
- some metabolic waste
- fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only) Fuction: - helps dissipate excess heat - excretes waste products - acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth |
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Hair Anatomy |
- central medulla - cortex surrounds medulla - cuticle on outside of cortex × most heavily keratinized |
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Arrector Pili Muscle |
- Smooth muscle - Pulls hair upright when cold or frightened |
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Nails |
- Scale-like modifications of the epidermis × heavily keratinized - Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed × responsible for growth - Lack of pigment makes them colorless |
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Athlete's Foot |
( tinea pedis ) Caused by fungal infection |
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Burns |
- Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals Associated dangers: × dehydration × electrolyte imbalance × circulatory shock |
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Rule of Nines |
- Way to determine the extent of burns - Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation - Each area represents about 9% of total body surface area |
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First Degree Burn |
- Only epidermis is damaged - Skin is red and swollen |
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Second Degree Burn |
- Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged - Skin is red with blisters |
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Third Degree Burn |
- Destroys entire skin layer - Burn is gray-white or black |
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Basal Cell Carcinoma |
- Least malignant - Most common type - Arises from stratum basale |
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
- Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed - Early removal allows a good chance of cure - Believed to be sun-induced - Arises from stratum spinosum |
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Malignant Melanoma |
- Most deadly of skin cancers - Cancer of melanocytes -Metastasizes rapidly to lymph + blood vessels - Detection uses ABCD Rule |
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Cancer |
Abnormal cell mass - Classified two ways: × benign - does not spread × malignant - spreads |
