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142 Cards in this Set
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about 200 cell types derived from 3 basic germ layers |
ectoderm mesoderm enoderm |
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tissue is |
tissue is collection of different cell types coordinated to perform limited functions |
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study of tissues |
histology |
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epithelial tissue |
covers surfaces because cells are in contact
lines hollow organs, cavities and ducts
forms glands when cells sink under the suface |
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Covers
Lines
Forms
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connective tissue |
material found between tissues and organs
supports and binds sturctures together
stores energy as fat
provides immununity to disease
provides nutrition & neural innervation to all cells
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Material found
Supports
Stores
Provides
Provides |
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cells shorten in length producing movement |
muscle tissue |
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nerve tissue |
cells that conduct electrical signals
detects changes inside and outside the body
responds with nerve impulses |
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primary germ layers within the embryo |
endoderm mesoderm ectoderm |
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tissue derivatives |
epithelium from all 3 germ layers
connective tissue & muscle from mesoderm
nerve tissue from ectoderm |
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epithelial tissue -- general features |
closely packed cells forming continuous sheets
cells sit on basement membrane
Apical (upper) free surface)
Avascular--without blood vessels nutrients diffuse in from underlying connective tissue
Good nerve supply
Rapid Cell divison
Covering/lining or glandular function |
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Avascular |
without blood vessels
nutrients diffuse in from underlying connective tissue |
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epithelical tissue |
Good nerve supply Rapid cell division Covering/lining or glandular function |
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cells are packed together tightly to .. |
cell are packed together tightly an impermeable lining |
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Cellularity or Eptihelicial tissue |
waterlight seal between cells plasma membranes fused with a strip of proteins intercellular cement is made up of sticky proteoglycans & |
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cell junctions |
tight junctions
Adherens Junctions
Gap Junctions
Desosomes
Hemidesosomes
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occluding (Tight) Junctions |
Band of transmembrane proteins which bind adjacdnt cells & cytskeleton
found near the apex
provides a water- resistant barrier |
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Adherens Junctions |
holds epithelial cells together
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plaque= |
dense layer of proteins inside the cell membrane |
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microfilaments of Adherens Junctions |
microfilaments extend into cytoplasm |
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CAM's |
integral membrane proteins connect to membrane of other cell |
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intercellular cement |
sticky proteoglycans w/hyaluronic acid |
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Desmosomes |
resists cellular separation and cell disruption
similar substances to tight junctions except only spot patches of plaques not around entire cell
Utilizes intracellular intermediate filamets cross cytoplasm of cell (cytoskeleton)
(also found in cadaic muscle for cellular support) |
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where are Desmosomes found |
Desmosomes found in areas f mechanical stess (skin) & prevents cells from seperating |
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hemidesmosomes |
half a desmosome, as the CAM does not bind to a CAM from a neighboring cell
CAM connects the cell to extracellular material -basement membrane
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Gap Junctions |
Tiny space between plasma membranes of 2 cells
crossed by protein channels called connexons forming fluid filled tunnels
Cell communication with ions & small molecules
Also basis for Muscle and nerve impulses spread from cell to cell so found in muscle & nerve tissue
heart and smooth muscle of gut |
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Basement Membrane (Basal Lamina) |
Lamina Lucida from epithelial cells fine protein filaments
Lamina Densa secreted by connective tissue cells reticular fibers
holds cells to connective tissue
guide for cell migration during development
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Lamina Lucida |
from epithelical cells fine protein filaments
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Lamina Densa |
secrete by connective cells reticular fibers |
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two types of epithelium |
covering and lining epithlium
Gandular epithelium |
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Covering and Lining Epithelium |
epidermis of skin lining of blood vessels and ducts lining respiratory, reporductve, urinary & GI tract and lining body cavities (lumens) |
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Glandular epithelium |
secreting portion of glands thyroid, adrenal and sweat glands |
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classifcaton of Epithelium |
Classified by arrangement of cells into layers |
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simple |
one cell layer thick |
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stratified |
many cell layers thick`
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pseudostratified |
single layer of cells where all cells don't reach apical surface
nuclei at found at different level so it loos multilayered |
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squamous |
flat |
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cuboidal |
cube-shaped |
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columinar |
tall column |
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transitional |
shape varies with tissue stretching |
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simple squamous epithelium |
single layer of flat cells
lines blood vessels (endothelium(, body cavities (mesothelium)
very thin |
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in simple squamous cells in ____ |
in simple squamous epithelium cells in direct contact with each other |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
single layer of cube-shaped cells viewed from the side
nuclei round and centrally located
lines tubules of kidney
Absorption of secretion |
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Nonciliated Simple Columnar |
single layer rectangular cells
unicellular glands=goblet cells secrete mucus -lubricate GI, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems
Microvilli= fingerlike cytoplasmic projections -for absoption in GI tract (stomach to anus) |
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Unicellular glands |
goblet cells secrete mucus
-lubricate GI, repiratory and urinary systems |
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Mircovilli |
fingerlike cytoplasmic projections -for absorption in GI tract (stomach to anus) |
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Cilated Simple Columnar Epithelium |
single layer of rectangular cells with cilia
mucus from goblet cells moved along by cilia -found in respiratory system and uterine tubes |
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Pseduostratified Columnar |
single cell layer
All cells attach to basement membrane but not al reach free surface
nuclei at varying depths
Respiratory system, male uretha & epididymis |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
Several cell layers thick Surface cells flat
keratinized= surface cells dead and killed with keratin -skin (epidermis)
non keratinized= no keratin in most living cells at surface -mouth, vagina |
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium |
Multilayered Surface cells cuboidal -rare (only found in sweat gland ducts & male urethra) |
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium |
multilayered Surface cells columnar Rare (very large ducts & part of male urethra) |
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Transitional Epithelium |
Multilayered Surface cells varying in shape from round to flat if stretched Lines hollow organs that expand from within (urinary bladder) |
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glandular epithelium |
Derived from epithelial cells that sank below the uface during development
Exocrine Glands
Endocrine Glands |
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Exocrine Glands |
cells that secrete-sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive enzymes into free surface of epithelial layer
connected to the surface by tubes (ducts)
unicellular galnds or multicellular glands |
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Endocrine Glands |
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Hormones help maintain homeostasis |
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structural classification of Exocrine Glands |
unicellular are single-celled glands --globlet cells
Multicellular glands
tubular or acinar (flask-like( shape simple or compound depending on whether the gland empties into one duct or branched ducts |
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Undivided ducts= |
simple glands |
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duct areas are |
duct areas are blue |
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the duct ____ one or more time on the way to |
the duct divdes one or more times on the way to the gland |
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Duct of Multicellular Glands |
Sweat gland duct Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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Methods of Glandular Secretion |
Merocrine- most glands
Apocrine-
Holocrine- oil gland |
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Merocrine |
most glands
cells releaee their products by exocytosis- slavial, digestive enxymes, mucous & sweat |
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Apocrine |
milk glands & certain sweat glands but now partly debunked
upper part of cell possibly pinches off & then must repair itself |
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Holocrine |
oil gland
whole cells die & rupture to release their products |
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functions of Epithelial tissue |
physical protection Selective permeability Provides sensation Specialized secrtions: Exocrine Endocrine
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Physcial Protection |
seves as lining |
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Selective Permeability |
intercellular attachments act as barrier |
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Provide Sensations |
act as highly specialized sensory receptors (neuroepithelium) |
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specialized secretions |
exocrine endocrine |
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Specilazied cells rarely move due to |
Specialized cells rarely due to extracellular matrix
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Matrix |
(fibers & ground substance secreted by cells) |
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____varies from liquid,gel to solid |
consistency varies from liquid, gel to solid |
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Connective tissue des not occur on |
Connective tissue does not occur on free surface |
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connective tissue |
Good nerve & blood supply except cartilage, tendons& ligaments |
good ...
excepr cartliage |
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fibroblasts |
present in all CT, it retains ability to divide & produce glycoaminoglycans for matrix |
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Chonodrocytes & Osteocytes |
are the mature cells that maintain the matrix |
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Chonodroblasts & ostoblasts |
secrete specific matrix |
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Macrophages |
develop from monocytes
engulf bacteria & debris by phagocytosis |
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plasma cells |
develop from B lymphocytes produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances |
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Adipocytes |
(fat cells)
store fats |
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Mesenchymal cells |
are stem cells of mesodermal origin. Capable of divison & function in repair |
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Melanocytes |
are cells which synthesize & store melanin |
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Mast cell |
are found near blood vessels and release histamine & heprin to promote inflmammatory process |
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Mircophages are small |
small phagocytic WBC's that leave blood stream to enter infected or damged tissue |
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Ground Substance of CT |
supports the cells and fibers
helps determine the consistency of the matrix -fluid, gel, or solid
Contains many lare molecules (GAG's) |
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hyaluronic acid |
thick, viscous and slippery, hard for bacteria to move through w/o hyaluronidase |
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condoiitin sulfate |
jelly like substance providing support |
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adhesion proteins |
(fibronectin) binds collagen fibers to ground substance |
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Collagen |
25% of protein in your body
tough resistant to pull, yet pliable formed from the protein collagen wound together |
tough fromed from the |
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Elastin |
(lungs, blood vessels, ear cartilage)
smaller diameter fibers formed from protein elastin surounded by glyoprotein(fibrillin)
Can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to orginal shape |
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Reticular |
(spleen and lymph nodes)
thin, branched fibered that form framework of organs
formed from protein collagen |
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Embryonic Connective Tissue: Mesenchyme |
Irrefulary shaped cells (mesenchymal stem cells)
in semifluid ground substances with reticular fibers
Gives rise to all other types of connective tissue |
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Embyonic Connective tissue: Muscous connective tissue (Wharton;s jelly) |
star-shaped cells in jelly-like ground substance contains some fibroblasts
found only in umbilical cord |
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CT Proper |
losse connective tissue
Dense connective tissue |
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types of Loose connective tissue |
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular |
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types of Dense Connective tissue |
Regular, Irregular, Elastic |
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Supporting Connective tissue |
cartliage bone |
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liquid Connective tissue |
Blood Lymph |
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Loose Connective tissue |
loosely woven fibers throughout tissues |
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Areolar Connective Tissue |
cell types= fibroblasts, adipocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, mast cells and a few white blood cells
all 3 types of fibers presents
Gelantinous ground substance |
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Areolar Connective Tissue
black |
elastic fibers |
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Areolar Connective Tissue
Pink |
collagen fibers
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Areolar Connective Tissue
nuclei are mostly |
nuclei are mostly fibroblasts |
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Adipose Tissue |
peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet
deep layer of skin, organ padding yellow marrow
reduces head lossm energy storage, protection
brown fat found in infants has more blood vessels and mitochondria and responsible for heat generation
set number at birth, can not divide, but stem cell can divide and differentiate into adipocytes |
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Reticular Connective Tissue |
network of fibers & cells that produce framework of organ known as stroma
holds organ together (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow) |
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Dense Connetive tissue |
more fibers present but fewer cels |
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types of dense connective tissue |
dense regular connective tissue
dense irregular tissue
elastic connective tissue |
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Dense Regular Connetice Tissue |
Collagen fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblast between bundles of collagen fibers
white, tough and pliable when unstained (forms tendons, aponeurosis & ligaments)
also known as white fibrous connective tissue |
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Dense irregular Connective tissue |
Collagen fibers are irregulary arranged (interwoven)
tissue can resist tension from any direction
Very tought tissue--white of eyeball, dermis of skin, capsules (its & organs), periosteum and perichondrium |
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Elastic Connective Tissue |
Branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts
can stretch & still return to orginal shape
Lung tissue, vocal cords, ligaments between vertebrae |
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supporting CT |
contain strong matrix w/numerous fibers
they are designed to support & protect from : physical loads pressure w.o permanent deformation |
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supporting CT include |
Cartliage Bone |
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Cartliage |
network of fibers in rubbery ground substance
gel Matrix makes it resilent and can endure more stress than loose or dense connective tissue (will not deform)
Avascular & Aneural
Perichondrium is a double layer outer fibrous (dense irregular CT) Inner cellular layer (chondroblasts)
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types of cartliage |
hyaline cartilage fibrocartliage elastic crtliage
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hyaline Cartliage |
Bluish-skiny white rubbery substance
Chondrocytes sit in soaces called lacunae
no blood vessels or nerse so repair is very slow
Reduces friction at joints as articular cartliage |
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Elastic Cartliage |
Elastic fibers help maintain shape after deformations
Ear, nose, epiglottis, vocal cartliages |
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Fibrocartliage |
many more collagen fibers cause rigidity & stiffness
Strongest type of cartilage (intervertebral dics) |
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Growth & Repair of Cartliage |
Grows and repairs slowly because is avascular & aneural
Nutrition by diffusion
Intersitital growth
Appositional growth |
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interstitial growth |
chondroctyes divided and form new matrix
occur in childhood and adolesncene |
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Appositional growth |
chondroblasts secrete matrix onto surface
produces increase in width |
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Bone (Osseous Tissue) |
Dense matix w/collagen fibers & calcium salts |
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Spongy bone |
sponge-like with spaces and trabeculae
trabuclae- struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow
no osteons (cellular organization) |
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Compact bone |
solid dense bone basic unit of structure is osteon (haversian system)
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Bone functions |
protects, provides for movement, stores minerals, site of blood cell formation |
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Osteon= |
lamellae (rings) of mineralized matric
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______ gives osteon hardness |
calcium & Phosphate give oseteon iits hardness |
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interwoven colleen fibers provide |
interwoven collagen fibers provide osteon stengeth |
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lacunae |
Osteocytes in spaces in between lamellae |
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Canaliculi |
(tiny canals) connect cell to cell |
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Fluid CT |
Blood |
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Connective tissue with a liquid matrix |
plasma |
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Blood cell types |
Red blood cells white Blood cells Platlets |
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Red blood cells |
erthrocytes |
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White Blood cells |
leukocytes |
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blood cell fragments |
platlets |
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functions of blood |
provide clotting immune functions carry O2 and CO2 |
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Lymph |
Lymph is interstitial fluid being tansported in lymphatic vessels & returned to CVS |
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Lymph contains less protein than___ |
Lymph contains less protein that plasma |
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Lymph |
move cells and substances (lipids) from one art
lymph alerts the immune system to infections that may be under way in interstitial fluids in periphery |
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Membrane |
usually with an epithelial layer sitting on a thin layer of connective tissue (lamina propria) |
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types of membrane |
mucous membrane serous membrane cutaneous membrane cutaneous membrane (skin)
synoial membrane |
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Mucous Membrane |
lines a body cavity thay opens to the outside
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_____form a barrier to microbes (usually columnar cells & goblet cells) |
epithelial cells form a barrie to micrbobes (usualy columna cells & goblet cells) |
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