Chapter 35 Alterations Of Pulmonary Function

Front 1

High altitudes may produce hypoxemia by:
a. right-to-left shunts.
b. hypoventilation.
c. decreased oxygen inspiration.
d. diffusion abnormalities.
e. All of the above are correct.

Back 1

c. decreased oxygen inspiration.

Front 2

In ARDS, increased alveolocapillary membrane permeability is caused by:
a. platelet-activating factor (PAF).
b. oxygen-free radicals.
c. tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
d. Both a and c are correct.
e. a, b, and c are correct.

Back 2

e. a, b, and c are correct.

Front 3

Type II pneumocyte damage causes:
a. increased alveolocapillary permeability.
b. chemotaxis for neutrophils.
c. exudation of fluid from capillaries into
interstitium.
d. decreased surfactant production.
e. All of the above are correct.

Back 3

d. decreased surfactant production.

Front 4

Pulmonary edema may be caused by abnormal:
a. capillary hydrostatic pressure.
b. capillary oncotic pressure.
c. capillary permeability.
d. Both a and c are correct.
e. a, b, and c are correct.

Back 4

e. a, b, and c are correct.

Front 5

In bronchial asthma:
a. bronchial muscles contract.
b. bronchial muscles relax.
c. mucous secretions decrease.
d. imbalances within the CNS develop.

Back 5

a. bronchial muscles contract.

Front 6

Asthma is precipitated by which of the following inflammatory mediators? (More than one answer may be correct.)
a. histamine
b. prostaglandins
c. leukotrienes
d. neutrophilic infiltration

Back 6

a. histamine
b. prostaglandins
c. leukotrienes
d. neutrophilic infiltration

Front 7

In emphysema:
a. there is increased area for gaseous exchange.
b. there are prolonged inspirations.
c. the bronchioles are primarily involved.
d. diaphragm movement is increased.
e. None of the above is correct.

Back 7

e. None of the above is correct.

Front 8

Chronic bronchitis: (More than one answer may be correct.)
a. is caused by lack of surfactant.
b. is caused by air pollutants.
c. exhibits a productive cough.
d. causes collapsed alveoli.

Back 8

b. is caused by air pollutants, c. exhibits a productive cough.

Front 9

Which is inconsistent with pneumonia?
a. chest pain, cough, and rales
b. involves only interstitial lung tissue c. may be caused by mycoplasmas
d. can be lobar pneumonia or bronchopneumonia

Back 9

b. involves only interstitial lung tissue c. may be caused by mycoplasmas

Front 10

Tuberculosis: (More than one answer may be correct.)
a. is caused by an aerobic bacillus.
b. may affect other organs.
c. involves a type III hypersensitivity.
d. antibodies may be detected by a skin test.

Back 10

a. is caused by an aerobic bacillus, b. may affect other organs, d. antibodies may be detected by a skin test.

Front 11

Pulmonary emboli usually: (More than one answer may be correct.)
a. obstruct blood supply to lung parenchyma. b. originate from thrombi in the legs.
c. occlude pulmonary vein branches.
d. occlude pulmonary artery branches.

Back 11

a. obstruct blood supply to lung parenchyma, b. originate from thrombi in the legs, d. occlude pulmonary artery branches.

Front 12

Pulmonary hypertension:
a. occurs when left arterial pressure is elevated.
b. involves deep vein thrombosis.
c. shows right ventricular hypertrophy on an
electrocardiogram.
d. Both a and c are correct.
e. a, b, and c are correct.

Back 12

d. Both a and c are correct.

Front 13

Cor pulmonale:
a. occurs in response to long-standing pulmonary hypertension.
b. is right heart failure.
c. is manifested by altered tricuspid and pulmonic valve sounds.
d. Both b and c are correct.
e. a, b, and c are correct.

Back 13

e. a, b, and c are correct.

Front 14

A lung cancer characterized by many anaplastic figures and the production of hormones is most likely:
a. squamous cell carcinoma.
b. small cell carcinoma.
c. large cell carcinoma.
d. adenocarcinoma.
e. bronchial adenoma.

Back 14

b. small cell carcinoma.

Front 15

The metastasis of lung squamous cell carcinoma is:
a. late.
b. very early and widespread.
c. early.
d. early and widespread.
e. never seen.

Back 15

a. late.

Front 16

Kussmaul respiration

Back 16

g. increased ventilatory rate, effortless tidal volume, and no expiratory pause

Front 17

Hemoptysis

Back 17

c. coughing blood or bloody secretions

Front 18

Cyanosis

Back 18

h. decreased arterial oxygenation

Front 19

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Back 19

l. apnea, increased ventilations, then apnea again

Front 20

Atelectasis

Back 20

i. alveolar collapse

Front 21

Bronchiectasis

Back 21

d. abnormal dilation of bronchi

Front 22

Pneumoconiosis

Back 22

e. fibrous tissue or nodules in lungs

Front 23

Flail chest

Back 23

f. fractured ribs or sternum

Front 24

Pneumothorax

Back 24

j. pleural space air

Front 25

Abscess

Back 25

m. circumscribed area of suppuration

Front 26

Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Edema - Valvular dysfunction, Left ventricular dysfunction, Coronary artery disease

Back 26

Increased left atrial pressure, increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure

Front 27

Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Edema - Capillary endothelium injury

Back 27

Increased capillary permeability and alveolar surfactant disruption, movement of fluid and plasma proteins from capillary to interstitial space and alveoli

Front 28

Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Edema - Lymphatic vessel blockage

Back 28

Inability to remove excess fluid from interstitial space, accumulation of fluid in interstitial space

Front 29

High altitudes may produce hypoxemia by:
a. right-to-left shunts
b. atelectasis
c. decreased oxygen inspiration
d. emphysema
e. all of the above are correct

Back 29

c. decreased oxygen inspiration

Front 30

In ARDS, increased alveolocapillary membrane permeability mainly is due to:
a. alveolar epithelial damage
b. decreased surfactant
c. vasoconstriction
d. ventilation to perfusion mismatching
e. inflammatory mediators released

Back 30

e. inflammatory mediators released

Front 31

Type II pneumocyte damage causes:
a. increased alveolocapillary permeability
b. chemotaxis for neutrophils
c. exudation of fluid from capillaries into the interstitium
d. decreased surfactant production
e. all of the above are correct

Back 31

d. decreased surfactant production

Front 32

Pulmonary edema may be caused by:
a. hypoventilation
b. CNS abnormalities
c. atelectasis
d. rupture of pleura
e. increased pulmonary hydrostatic pressure

Back 32

e. increased pulmonary hydrostatic pressure

Front 33

In asthma:
a. bronchial muscles contract
b. bronchial muscles relax
c. mucous secretions decrease
d. imbalances within the CNS develop

Back 33

a. bronchial muscles contract

Front 34

In emphysema:
a. there is increased area for gaseous exchange
b. there are prolonged inspirations
c. the bronchioles are primarily involved
d. there is increased diaphragm movement
e. alveoli are less able to recoil and expel air

Back 34

e. alveoli are less able to recoil and expel air

Front 35

In pneumoccoccal pneumonia, the stage of gray hepatization is characterized by:
a. solidification of tissue
b. fibrin deposition
c. alveoli filling with blood cells and pneumococci
d. macrophages appearing in alveolar spaces

Back 35

b. fibrin deposition

Front 36

Pulmonary hypertension:
a. shows an enlarged pulmonary artery
b. involves deep vein thrombosis
c. shows right ventricular hypertrophy
d. both a and c are correct

Back 36

d. both a and c are correct

Front 37

Cor pulmonale:
a. occurs in response to long-standing pulmonary hypertension
b. is right heart failure
c. is manifested by altered tricuspid and pulmonic valve sounds
d. both b and c are correct
e. a, b, and c are correct

Back 37

e. a, b, and c are correct

Front 38

A lung cancer characterized by many anapestic figures and the production of hormones is most likely:
a. squamous cell carcinoma
b. small cell carcinoma
c. large cell carcinoma
d. adenocarcinoma
e. bronchial adenoma

Back 38

b. small cell carcinoma

Front 39

The metastasis of lung squamous cell carcinoma is:
a. late
b. very early and widespread
c. early
d. early and widespread
e. never seen

Back 39

a. late

Front 40

Which is TRUE about tuberculosis?
a. it is caused by an aerobic bacillus
b. it may affect other organs
c. it involves a type III hypersensitivity
d. antibodies to it may be detected with a skin test

Back 40

a. it is caused by an aerobic bacillus
b. it may affect other organs

Front 41

Pulmonary emboli usually do which of the following?
a. obstruct blood supply to lung parenchyma
b. have origins from thrombi in the legs
c. occlude pulmonary vein branches
d. occlude pulmonary artery branches

Back 41

a. obstruct blood supply to lung parenchyma
b. have origins from thrombi in the legs
d. occlude pulmonary artery branches

Front 42

Chronic bronchitis:
a. is caused by a lack of surfactant
b. impairs cilia
c. exhibits a nonproductive cough
d. causes collapsed alveoli

Back 42

b. impairs cilia

Front 43

Emphysema is precipitated by:
a. histamine
b. TNG
c. leukotrienes
d. alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Back 43

d. alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Front 44

Increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volume, and no expiratory pause are characteristics of _______.

Back 44

kussmal respiration

Front 45

Coughing up blood or bloody secretions is _____.

Back 45

hemoptysis

Front 46

Decreased arterial oxygenation causes ______.

Back 46

cyanosis

Front 47

Apnea, inward ventilation, then apnea again characterize ________.

Back 47

cheyne-stokes respiration

Front 48

Alveolar collapse is observed in _________.

Back 48

pleural space atelectasis

Front 49

Abnormal deflation of bronchi is termed ________.

Back 49

bronchiectasis

Front 50

Fibrous tissue or nodules in lungs is termed _______.

Back 50

pneumoconiosis

Front 51

Fractured ribs or stermum cause _______.

Back 51

flail chest

Front 52

Pleural space air is termed __________.

Back 52

pneumothorax

Front 53

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes _______ ________.

Back 53

lobar pneumonia