Alterations Of Pulmonary Function

Front 1

Kussmaul respiration

Back 1

slightly increased ventilatory rate

very lg. tidal volumes

no expiratory pause

(strenuous exercise or metabolic acidosis)

Front 2

tachypnea respiration

Back 2

rapid ventilatory rate

Front 3

what's the difference between restricted breathing and obstructed breathing?

Back 3

restricted is a compliance issue (small tidal volumes, tachypnea, rapid expiration)

obstructed depends on large or small airway obstruction but causes labored breathing ( stridor, wheezing, prolonged inhale and exhale, increased effort)

Front 4

Cheyne Stokes respirations

Back 4

alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing

neurologic impairment from brain stem involved

Front 5

hemoptysis

Back 5

expectoration of bloody mucous

bronchitis
TB
abscess
neoplasms

Front 6

What does clubbing indicate?

Back 6

disease that interferes with oxygenation is involved

Front 7

hypercapnia

Back 7

increased paO2 caused by hypoventilation

Front 8

hypoxemia

Back 8

.reduced paO2 caused by

1. low O2 in inspired air

2. diffusion abnormality

3. ventilation-perfusion mismatch

4. shunting

Front 9

pulmonary edema

Back 9

excess water in the lung

caused by capillary hydrostatic pressure, capillary oncotic pressure or capillary permeability dysfunctions

Front 10

atelectasis

Back 10

collapse of alveoli from compression of lung tissue or absorption of gas from obstructed alveoli

Front 11

bronchiectasis

Back 11

abnormal dilation of the bronchi secondary to another pulmonary disorder like infection or inflammation

Front 12

pneumothorax

Back 12

accumulation of air in the pleural space

Front 13

pleural effusion

Back 13

accumulation of fluid in pleural space

Front 14

empyema

Back 14

presence of pus in the pleural space

(infected pleural effusion)

Front 15

What are 3 obstructive lung diseases?

Back 15

emphysema

chronic bronchitis

asthma

Front 16

describe asthma

Back 16

type 1 hypersensitivity

bronchospasm

bronchial inflammation

mucosal edema

increased mucous production

Front 17

describe chronic bronchitis

Back 17

causes airway obstruction and thus bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy and makes thick, tenacious mucous

Front 18

describe emphysema

Back 18

destroyed alveolar septa and loss of passive elastic recoil lead to airway collapse and obstruct gas exchange during expiration

Front 19

What is COPD?

Back 19

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Front 20

pulmonary embolism

Back 20

thrombus occludes pulmonary vascular bed

can cause:
hypoxic vasoconstriction
pulmonary edema
atelectasis
pulmonary hypertension
shock
death

Front 21

What is pulmonary hypertension

Back 21

5-10 mm Hg higher than normal in pulmonary arteries

Front 22

What is cor pulmonale?

Back 22

right ventricular hypertrophy caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension

Front 23

What are the cancers we are concerned with in regard to the pulmonary system

Back 23

non-small cell carcinoma (large cell, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell)

small cell carcinoma