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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 4 principal ways of communication between cells?
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neurotransmitters, gap junctions, hormones, paracrine hormones
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what are gap junctions?
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pores in the cells to allow transmission of molecules, nutrients and electrolytes from cell to cell.
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where are paracrine hormones secreted?
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secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells.
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by what passage do hormones travel?
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through the bloodstream
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what are exocrine glands? how are they different from endocrine?
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exocrine glands have <ducts> that <carry secretion to the epithelial surface of the digestive tract.> they aid in <food digestion.>
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what are endocrine glands? what do they do?
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they have <no duct>. they contain dense capillary networks which <easily allow hormone uptake into the bloodstream.> they have intracellular effects such as <targeting the target cell metabolism.>
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what is the difference of the internal communication ways for the nervous system vs. the endocrine system?
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the endocrine communicates only by chemicals. the nervous has electrical and chemical communication.
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what are the response speeds like for the nervous vs endocrine system?
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the nervous system reacts quickly and stops quickly.
the endocrine system reacts slowly and they effect may last for weeks. |
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how do the nervous system and the endocrine system adapt to long term stimuli?
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the nervous system adapts quickly.
the endocrine system adapts slowly. |
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what are the areas of effects for the nervous system vs the endocrine system?
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the nervous system targets only one organ. (targeted and specific)
the endocrine system has widespread effects. (many diff areas) |
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what are some of the chemicals that act as a neurotransmitter and a hormone?
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norephirine, cholecystokinin, thryotropin-releasing hormones, dopamine and antidiuretic are both hormones and neurotransmitters.
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what are 2 neurons that release their secretion into the bloodstream?
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oxytocin and catecholamines
--release their secretion into the bloodstream |
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what causes glycogen hydrolysis in the liver?
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norepinephrine and glucagon cause glycogen hydrolysis in the liver.
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how does the nervous system and endocrine system regulate eachother?
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the nervous system NEURONS stimulate hormone secretion.
hormones stimulate or inhibit neurons. |
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what are target organs or cells?
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organs or cells that have a hormone receptor and can respond to it.
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the functions of the hypothalamus are carried out by what gland?
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the pituitary gland carries out the functions for the hypothalamus.
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what are the stalks that suspend the pituitary gland?
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the infundibulum (suspends the pituitary gland from hypothalamus.
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where is the pituitary gland?
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the sella turcica
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what are the two structures that the pituitary gland are composed of? which is anterior and which is posterior?
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the adenohypophysis (ANTERIOR) and the neurohypophysis (POSTERIOR)
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which structure of the pituitary gland takes up more room? how is it linked to the hypothalamus? how are the primary capillaries connected to the secondary capillaries of this structure? what is this structure regulated by?
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the adenohypophysis is linked to the hypothalamus by the hypophyseal portal system.
the primary capillaries are connected to the secondary capillaries in the adenhypophysis by venules. the adenhypophysis cells are regulated by hypothalamic hormones. |
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what is the neurohypophysis?
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it is a nerve tissue--not a true gland. hormones are stored here until they are ready to be released.
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how many hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and what do they do?
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six of them regulate the anterior pituitary.
two of them are released into the posterior pituitary when hypothalamic neurons are stimulated. (OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC) |
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what nuclei produces oxytocin?
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paraventricular
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what nuclei produce the antiduiretic hormone?
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supraoptic
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what is one of the two gonadotrophin hormones that stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production?
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follicle stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, devel of ovarian follicles and sperm production?
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Which of the two gonadotrophin hormones (anterior pituitary) stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, and stimulates testes to secrete testosterone?
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luteinizing hormone
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which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates secretion of the thyroid hormone?
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the thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of the thyroid hormone.
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which anterior pituitary gland stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids?
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
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which anterior pituitary gland stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk after the birth of a baby and increases secretion of testosterone by the testes?
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prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to synthesize milk and secretes testosterone by the testes.
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what anterior pituitary gland stimulates mitosis and cell differentiation?
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growth hormone.
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what are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones?
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follicle stimulating, thyroid stimulating, growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic, luteinizing
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what are the 2 posterior pituitary hormones?
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oxytocin and antiduiretic
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when can laminated tags be used
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reg pms
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Where is the pineal gland located?
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attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum
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what gland shrinks after age 7?
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the pineal gland
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what gland synthesizes melatonin?
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the pineal gland
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what gland plays a role in 3 systems?
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the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune. THE THYMUS
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what gland is the site of mature t cells? t cells are important for immune defense
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the thymus is the site of t cells
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what is the largest gland?
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the thyroid gland
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what do parafollicular cells secrete?
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calcitonin
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where can the adrenal gland be found?
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on top of the kidney
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the adrenal medulla can act as a endocrine gland and ____?
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sympathetic ganglion
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when the adrenal medulla is stimulated what does it release into the blood stream?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine and a trace of dopamine.
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Where is the pineal gland located?
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attached to roof of third ventricle beneath the posterior end of corpus callosum
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what gland shrinks after age 7?
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the pineal gland
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what gland synthesizes melatonin?
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the pineal gland
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what gland plays a role in 3 systems?
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the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune. THE THYMUS
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what gland is the site of mature t cells? t cells are important for immune defense
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the thymus is the site of t cells
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what is the largest gland?
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the thyroid gland
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what do parafollicular cells secrete?
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calcitonin
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where can the adrenal gland be found?
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on top of the kidney
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the adrenal medulla can act as a endocrine gland and ____?
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sympathetic ganglion
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when the adrenal medulla is stimulated what does it release into the blood stream?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine and a trace of dopamine.
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what are the steriods that the adrenal cortex produces called?
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corticosteriods
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what are the 3 layers of glandular tissue on the adrenal cortex?
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zona glomerulosa (thin outer layer) secretes mineralcorticoid to regulate electrolyte balance.
zona fasciculata (thick middle layer) secretes glucocorticoids zona reticularis (narrow inner layer) secretes sex steriods. |
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what kind of cells extend from the medulla to the cortex that are activated when stress activates the sympathetic nervous system? (they secrete the cortex to secrete corticosteriods)
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chromaffin cells
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what do pancreatic islets do?
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produce hormones. the rest of the pancreas cells produce digestive enzymes.
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what is insulin secreted by?
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beta cells.
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what is glucagon and where is it secreted?
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alpha cells secrete glucagon and is it secreted to raise blood glucose level.
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what is somatostatin secreted by and what does it do?
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delta cells secrete somatostatin. partially suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
inhibits nutrient digestion and absorption which prolongs absorption of nutrients |
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what is the pancreatic polypeptide secreted by and what does it do?
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the f cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. inhibits gall bladder contraction and secretes pancreatic digestive enzymes.
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what is secreted by the g cells and what does it do?
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gastrin is secreted by the g cells and it stimulates stomach acid secretion.
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what raises blood glucose concentration?
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hyperglycemic hormones.
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what lowers blood glucose?
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INSULIN. (hypoglycemic hormone)
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are the ovaries and testes endocrine or exocrine? what is the exocrine product of these glands?
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both. the exocrine is the eggs and sperm.
endocrine product is steriods. |
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what does the seminiferous tubules produce?
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sperm.
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what does inhibin do and where is it secreted from?
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sustentacular cells secrete inhibin and it limits secretion of FSH for sperm production.
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what are organs that are not part of the endocrine system but have functions of endocrine?
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the skin, liver, kidneys, placenta, heart, stomach, small intestine, adipose tissue and osseous tissue.
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what are all hormones made from?
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cholesterol or amino acids
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what hormones are made from amino acids?
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peptides, monoamines, and glycoproteins
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what do follicular cells do?
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-absorb iodide ions from blood
--synthesize thyroglobulin -forms colloid -contains lots of tyrosine -tyrosine and iodine combine to FORM THYROXINE (T4) bound to thyroglobulin |
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is there more t4 or t3?
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t4- 95% t3- 5%
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most monoamines and peptides are hydrophilic. what does this mean?
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monoamines and peptides mix easily into blood plasma.
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steriods and thyroid hormones are hydrophobic. what does this mean?
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steriods and thyroid hormones bind to transport proteins which protect them from being broken down by blood plasma.
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what are the 3 transport proteins in the plasma the thyroid hormone binds to?
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ambumin, thyretin, tgb
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what do steriod hormones bind to?
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globulins
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what is the process of hydrophillic hormones? (peptides and catecholamines)
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hormone binds to receptor, receptor is linked to second messenger, activates g protein, which activates adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP, which inhibits or activates enzymes creating metabolic reactions.
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what are some second messenger systems?
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diacylglycerol (diglyceride)
inositol triphosphate |
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what are eicosanoids and where are they derived from?
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an important family of paracrines derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid
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what is ketonuria?
what is ketoacidosis? |
promotes osmotic diuresis, loss of Na+ and K+, irregular heartbeat, and neurological issues
occurs as ketones decrease blood pH deep, gasping breathing and diabetic coma are terminal result |
