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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine System
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Made up of glands that produce hormones that are picked up by blood capillaries (ductless secretion) to target cells
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Hormones
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Chemical messengers
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Cell Communication 4 ways:
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1- Gap Junctions- Join muscle & epithelial cells & allow comm...
2- Neurotransmitters- Synaptic cleft of neuron; usually local 3- Paracrines- By cell diffusion; Local 4- Hormones- Bloodborne messangers; usually far distances |
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Endocrine Secretions (hormones)
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Intracellular effects alter target cell metabolism
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Hypothalamus
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Forms floors & walls of 3rd ventricle of brain; regulates primitive fuctions (many thru pituitary)
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Pituitary Gland(AKA Hypophysis)
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Suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk (AKA infundibulum) & housed in the sella turtica of sphenoid bone.
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Anterior Pituitary (AKA Adenohypophysis)
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Produces 6 principal hormones
Tropic- Releases hormones Two of them are non-tropic: 1- GH 2- PRL |
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Posterior Pituitary (AKA Neurohypophysis)
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Made up of nerve fibers; stores hypothalmic sythesized hormones (AKA neuroendocrine reflexes) awaiting nerve signal to release
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FSH
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Anterior Pituitary:
Target cell: Ovaries & Testes Stim. egg devel. and sperm prod. |
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LH
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Anterior Pituitary:
Target Cell: Ovaries & Testes Stim. egg release, estrogen, corpus luteum, progesterone secretion, testosterone secretion |
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TSH
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Anterior Pituitary
Target cell: Thyroid Gland stim. thyroid growth & thyroid hormone secretion |
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ACTH
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Anterior Pituitary
Target cell: Adrenal Cortex stimulates adrenal cortex growth, secretes cortisol, regulates: glucose, fat, protein, metabolism. Plays role in stress response |
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PRL
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Anterior Pituitary: non tropic
Target cell: Mammary Glands & Testes stim. milk production, enhancement of LH, inc. testosterone |
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GH
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Anterior Pituitary: non tropic
Target cell: liver, bone, muscle, cartilage, fat stim. tissue growth/cell mitosis |
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ADH
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Posterior Pituitary
Target cell: Kidneys inc. water retention (vasopression and brain neurotransmitter) |
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OT
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Posterior Pituitary
Target cell: uterus and mammary glands stim. childbirth contractions of uterus, lactation, sexual arousal |
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Pineal Gland
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Roof of 3rd ventricle of brain-shrinks after puberty; produces serotonin (day) & melatonin (night) sleep and awake
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Thymus Gland
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Below thyroid & above heart- shrinks after puberty; secretes thymopoietin, thymosis, etc... that makes T-lymphocytes (disease fighting)
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Thyroid Gland
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Lgst endocrine gland; wraps around the trachea, below the larynx; T3- thyiidothyronine, T4- tetraiodothyronine,bone formation, body heat, appetite incr., breakdown of carbs, fat & protein for fuel, alertness, bone growth, skin, hair, nails, teeth
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Parathyroid Gland
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Embedded in posterior of thyroid; maintains ca++ levels
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Adrenal Glands (2 parts)
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Sits as a cap on top of each kidney
1- Medula (inner core)- epinephrine & norepinephrine-(fight/flight) raise heart rate, BP, metabolic rate, pulmonary airflow, circulation to muscles |
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Adrenal Glands (2 parts)
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2- Cortex (outer sorrounding) 3 layers:
1- cortisol- incr. stress 2- aldosterone- kidneys electrolyte balance K+ secretion, Na+ absorption 3- sex hormones- estrogen & testosterone *small insig. amount |
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Pancreas (Gland)
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in pancreas tissue; 3 main secretions
1- Alpha- secrete glucagon/raises glucose 2- Beta- secrete insulin/lowers glucose levels 3- Delta- secrete somatostatin/inhibits growth hormone, burns glucose |
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Islets of langerhans
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In pancreas; produce hormones; rest of pancreas produces digestive enzymes
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Gonads (Gland)
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1- Ovaries- estrogen, progesterone (pregnancy hormone)
2- Testes- testosterone 3- Placenta- progesterone |
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Mechanism of hormone actions
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1- hormone crosses membrane
2- hormone combines with receptor 3- mRNA activated (turn on gene) 4- mRNA enters cytoplasm (makes something)! |
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Mechanism of non-steroid hormones
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1- hormone binds to receptor on a cell membrane
2- adenylate cyclase activated 3- ATP converts to cAMP 4- cAMP promotes reaction leading to cellular changes *no hormone, no G protein, nothing happens! |
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What biochemical are steroids derived from?
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Cholesterol
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Pregnenolone
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A hormone that builds molecules; "the parent hormone," conversion of chol to pregnenolone, forms in mitochondria, then it's shuttles back and forth between mitochondrion & E.R for enzymatic transformations
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What subcellular organelle assists in the control of non-steroid hormones?
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Golgi Complex
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What is a second messanger
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cAMP
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Structure of Thyroid gland
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1- located in the neck, close to the trachea
2- on it's surface light colored nodules- parathyroid glands 3- thyroid epithelial cells are arranged in spheres called thyroid follicles 4- follicles are filled with colloid 5- extrafollicular cells secrete hormone calcitonin |
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What hormones are produced by each?
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T3 & T4
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3 general mechanisms of hormonal control
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1- rate of production- pos. & neg. feedback (less or more)
2- rate of delivery- location of target cells; how vascular tissue is 3- rate of degradation and elimination- kidneys clear hormones/urine hormones digested |
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Epididymus
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Male
Stores sperm cells |
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Ductus Deferens/Male
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connects with seminal vesicle
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Urethra/Male
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neutralizes acid from urine
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Prostate/Male
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Enhance sperm mobility
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Bulbourethral Gland/Male
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Lubricates
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Seminal Vesicles/Male
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Secretes seminal fluid, neutralizes acid found in the female repro. tract; incr. PH, fructose prostaglandins
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Testes/Male
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Produce sperm and secrete male sex hormone
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What 2 cell types are involved in the production & care of sperm cells?
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1- Sertoli- support, nourish, & regulate spermatogonia
2- spermatogenic cells- stimulate mitosis, make sperm cells |
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What cell type secretes androgens (testosterone)?
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Leydig (interstitial cells)
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What hormones control the production of sperm cells and secretion of testosterone?
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1- FSH- sperm cells
2- LH- secretes testos... |
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Vagina/Female
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Receives sperm; birth canal
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Cervix/Female
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Directs sperm into the uterus
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Uterus/Female
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Harbors embryo, provides nutrients, expels fetus
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Uterine tubes/Female
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Guides egg to uterus
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Ovaries/Female
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Produces egg
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Ovarian cycle
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Egg matures, erupts from ovary, & travels to uterus
1- Egg matures 2- Follicular Phase (1-14 days) 3- Ovulation (14th day) 4- Luteal Phase ( 15-28 days) |
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What endocrine gland & 2 hormones control the ovarian cycle?
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Anterior pituitary gland and FSH & LH
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Menstrual cycle
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1- Menstrual stage- 5days
2- Proliferative- day 6-14 3- Secretory- day 15-26 4- Pre-menstrual- day 27-28 5- Menstrual- period begins |
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What endocrine structure controls the menstrual cycle?
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Ovaries
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What hormones control each stage of the menstrual cycle?
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Estrogen and Progesterone
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