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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Initiation
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the first phase of transcription
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sigma
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protein subunit that must bind to the polyerase in transcription.
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TATA box
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a short DNA sequence in many eukaryotic promoters about 30 base pairs upstream from the transcription start site.
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basal transcription factors
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general term for proteins, present in all cell types, that bind to eukaryotic promoters and help initiate transcription
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elongation phase
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synthesizes DNA as it moves along the DNA template
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termination phase
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RNA polymerase encounters a transcription termination signal in the DNA template
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Exons
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the coding regions of eukaryotic genes that will be part of the final mRNA product
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Introns
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intervening noncoding sequences and not in the final mRNA
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Primary RNA transcript
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a newly transcribed mRNA molecule that has not been processed
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transcriptional control
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occurs when the cell does not produce mRNA for specific enzymes.
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translational control
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regulation of gene expression by various mechanisms that alter the life span of mRNA or the efficiency of translation
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post translational control
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occurs when the cell fails to activate a manufactured protein by chemical modification
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inducer
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A small molecule that triggers transcription of a specific gene, often by binding to and inactivating a repressor protein
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replica plating
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A process used to identify mutant cells
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indicator plates
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allow researchers to directly identify mutants with metabolic deficiencies.
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constituitive mutants
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produce beta galactosidase and galactoside permease even when lactose is absent
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negative control
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occurs when a regulatory protein binds to DNA and shuts down transcription
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Positive control
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occurs when a regulatory protein binds to DNA and triggers transcripton
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repressor
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any regulatory gene that inhibits transcription
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operon
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a region of prokaryotic DNA that codes for a series of functionally related genes and is transcribed from a single promoter into a polycistronic mRNA
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lac operon
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involved in lactose metabolism
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operator
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in prokaryotic DNA, a binding site for a repressor protein; located near the start of the operon
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inducer
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A small molecule that triggers transcription of a specific gene, often by binding to and inactivating a repressor protein
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|
|
replica plating
|
A process used to identify mutant cells
|
|
|
indicator plates
|
allow researchers to directly identify mutants with metabolic deficiencies.
|
|
|
constituitive mutants
|
produce beta galactosidase and galactoside permease even when lactose is absent
|
|
|
negative control
|
occurs when a regulatory protein binds to DNA and shuts down transcription
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Positive control
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occurs when a regulatory protein binds to DNA and triggers transcripton
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repressor
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any regulatory gene that inhibits transcription
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operon
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a region of prokaryotic DNA that codes for a series of functionally related genes and is transcribed from a single promoter into a polycistronic mRNA
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lac operon
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involved in lactose metabolism
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operator
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in prokaryotic DNA, a binding site for a repressor protein; located near the start of the operon
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catabolite repression
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a type of positive transcriptional control in which the end product of a catabolic pathway inhibits further transcription of the gene encoding an enzyme early in the pathway
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catabolite activator protein (CAP)
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a protein that can bind to the CAP binding site upstream of certain prokaryotic operons, facilitating binding of RNA polymerase and stimulating gene expression
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cyclic cAMP
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regulates CAP when this binds to it. only when this is bound to CAP, it can bind to DNA.
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adenylyl cyclase
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an enzyme that produces cAMP from ATP and is inhibited by extracellular glucose
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