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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Resistance |
Ability to ward off disease |
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Innate immunity |
Defenses against any pathogen that are present at birth Nonspecific Always present Doesn't involve specific recognition No memory |
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Adaptive immunity |
Immunity or resistance to specific pathogen Has to be stimulated Has memory Slow first response T cells and B cells and antibodies |
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Susceptibility |
Lack of resistance Genetics, age, stress |
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Nonspecific defenses |
Protect against pathogens, regardless of species. Physical barriers and physiological mechanisms. |
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Specific immune |
Specialized cells and proteins that show enhanced response to repeat infections |
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First line of defense |
Dermis and epidermis by barrier, sloughing, and dryness. (ph is 3-5 that inhibit growth of all but acidophiles, lactic acid and fatty acids produced by normal flora) Intact mucous membranes Mucus Sebum (protective film, acidic and toxic products of its metabolism) Lysozyme (breaks down peptidoglycan) |
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Second line of defense |
Phagocytosis (ingestion of microbe) Erthyrocytes (RBCs) Leukocytes (WBCs) Platelets |
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Granulocytes |
Granules in cytoplasm that ARE visible with microscope Neutrophils (early stages of infection) Eosinophils (parasites and helminthes) |
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Agranulocytes |
Granules in cytoplasm NOT visible with microscope Monocytes (mature into macrophages) Dendritic cells Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, and NK cells) |
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In response to infection |
Monocytes, Eosinophils, Dendritic cells (derived from monocytes), and Neutrophils migrate to area. |
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Opsonization |
Adherence and ingestion easier when organism is coated with plasma proteins such as antibodies or complement. |
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Mediators |
Increase tissue permeability and vasodilation |
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Abscess |
Pus forms in cavity |
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Margination |
Phagocytes stick to lining of blood vessels |
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Diapedesis |
Phagocytes squeeze out of the vessel (emigration) |
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Fever |
Gram negative endotoxins cause phagocytes to release interleukin 1 Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins that reset hypothalamus to high temperature |
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Advantages on microbial growth |
Decrease iron Microbes require more iron at higher temperature Enhances antibody response Increases phagocytosis |
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Disadvantages on microbial growth |
Tachycardia Acidosis Dehydration Extreme temperature may be dangerous |
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Complement |
Group of serum proteins that causes cytolysis (damages plasma membrane of microbe), Inflammation, and opsonization. |
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Interferons |
Antiviral proteins Host specific Only protects the cells that aren't infected IFN and IFN-r (produce antiviral that inhibit viral replication) and IFN-c (neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria) |
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Iron binding proteins |
Transferrin (in blood and tissue fluids) Lactoferrin (in milk, saliva, and mucus) Ferritin (in liver, spleen and bone marrow) Siderophores (bacteria produce to compete) |
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Beta lysin |
Attacks plasma membrane of bacteria |
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Tumor necrosis factors |
Kills tumor cells Increases number of neutrophils Antiviral Increases blood flow Increase blood glucose |
