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46 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Immunity

Ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or their products to protect against environmental agents such as pollen, durgs, food, chemicals, and animal hair

Defenses designed to

Keep microorgansisms out


Remove microbes if they do get in


Combat them if they remain inside

Susceptibility

Lack of immunity

Nonspecific or innate immunity

Present at birth


Always present


Responds rpaidly


Acts against all microbes int he same way


does not involve specific recognition or memory

First Line of defense

Skin and mucous membranes


Physical factors


Chemical factors

First line of defnese physical factors

Barrirers to entry or processes that remove microbes

First line of defense chemical factors

substances made by the body that inhibit microbial growht or that destroy microbes

Dermis

inner, thicker made up of connective tissue

Epidermis

outer thinner direct contact with the environment

Physical factors contribute to effective barrier

Closely packed cells


Continous layers


Keratin


Dryness


Shedding of cells

Lacrimal appartus

Continual washing action of tears helps keep microorganisms from setting on the surface of the eye

Salivary gland

saliva helps dilute the nubmers of microbes present and washes them from the surface of the teeth and mouth

Mucus

traps microbes

Hairs of the nose

filter inhaled air and trap microbes, dust and other pollutants

Cilia of the lower respiratory tract

propel microbes and dust upward toward the throat

Urine and vaginal secretions

move microbes out and prevent colonization

Sebum

an oily substance produced in the sebaceous gland

Perspiration

produced by sweat glands


Helps maintain body temp, eleminate waste, flush microbes, contians lysozyme

Gastric juices

Producesd by glands in the stomach


consists of HCL, enzymes and mucus


Very high acidity

Second line of defense

Phagocytosis


Inflammation


Fever antimicrobial cells and substances

Formed elements of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thromobocytes

Liquid elements

Serum: without clotting factors


Plasma: with clotting factors

Leukocytosis

Increase of white blood cells during bacterial infection

Leukopenia

Decrease in white blood cell count

Differential Wbc Count

percetange of each type found in 100 cells

Granulocytes

presence of franules in the cytoplasma. Neutrophils

Monocytes

become macrophages after leaving circulating blood

Lymphocytes

active in specific immunity

Phagogystosis

Ingestion of a microorganism or other particles by a cell


Mechanism of phagocytosis

Chemotaxis


Adherence


Ingesion (Formation of phagosome)


Digestion


Discharge of waste material

Microbial evasion of phagocytosis

Inhibit adhesion: Capsules, M proteins


INgested but not killed


Secretion of membrane attack complexes


Survive inside phagocytes

Inflammation

Tissue damage that triggers defnesive response

Causes of inflamation

microbial infection, heat, electricitiy, sharp objects, chemicals

4 signs of inflmmation

redness, pain, heat sweling

Functions of inflmation

destroy the agent and remove by products from the body


destruction is not possible: limit the effects by confining or walling it off


Repair or replace tissue damaged

Stages of inflammation

Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels


Phagocytic migration and phagocytosis


Tissue repair

Tissue damage

Chemicals such as histamine, kinis, protaglandins, and leukotrienes released by damaged cells.


Blood clot forms


Abcess starts to form

Vasodilation/increased permeability

Vasodilation icnreases the diameter of the blood vessel, increasing the flow of blood to the affected area



Increased permeability permits defenseive materials to pass thru the walls of the blood vessels and enter the injured area

Phagocytic migration

Netrophils appear first


Monocytes follow and differentiate into macrophages


Macrophages are larger and can phagocytize damaged tissue, damaged neutrophisl as well as the microbes

Tissue repair

Process by which tissues replace dead or damaged cells


Ability of a tissue to repair itself is dependent on the type of tissue invovled - skin vs cardiac muscle

Fever

Elevated high body temp produced in reponse to a bacterial or viral infection



Speeds up body's reaction


Complication of fever can include dehydration, seizures in young children, acidosis

Complement system

Causes cytosis of microbes promotes phagocytosis, contributes to inflammation

interferons

protects uninfected cells form viral infections


Transferrins

Inhitbits grwoth of bacteria by reducing availbe iron

Antrimicrobial pepdies

Cause lysis of bacteria

Natural killer cells

ill infected target cells which are then phagyctized