Chapter 13 - Urinary System

Front 1

albumin/o

Back 1

protein

Front 2

bacteri/o

Back 2

bacteria

Front 3

cyst/o

Back 3

bladder or sac

Front 4

vesic/o

Back 4

bladder or sac

Front 5

dips/o

Back 5

thirst

Front 6

glomerul/o

Back 6

glomerulus (little ball)

Front 7

gluc/o

Back 7

sugar

Front 8

glyc/o

Back 8

sugar

Front 9

ket/o

Back 9

ketone bodies

Front 10

keraton/o

Back 10

ketone bodies

Front 11

lith/o

Back 11

stone

Front 12

meat/o

Back 12

opening

Front 13

nephr/o

Back 13

kidney

Front 14

ren/o

Back 14

kidney

Front 15

pyel/o

Back 15

basin

Front 16

py/o

Back 16

pus

Front 17

ureter/o

Back 17

ureter

Front 18

urethr/o

Back 18

urethra

Front 19

ur/o

Back 19

urine

Front 20

urin/o

Back 20

urine

Front 21

kidneys

Back 21

two structures located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine

Front 22

cortex

Back 22

outer part of the kidney

Front 23

hilum

Back 23

indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave

Front 24

medulla

Back 24

inner part of the kidney

Front 25

calices

Back 25

ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis

Front 26

calyces

Back 26

ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis

Front 27

nephron

Back 27

microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capible of forming urine

Front 28

glomerulus

Back 28

little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron

Front 29

Bowman's capsule

Back 29

the top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus

Front 30

renal tubule

Back 30

the stem portion of the nephron

Front 31

ureter/o

Back 31

the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

Front 32

renal pelvis

Back 32

the basinlike portion of the ureter within the kidney

Front 33

ureteropelvic junction

Back 33

point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter

Front 34

urinary bladder

Back 34

sac that holds the urine

Front 35

urethra

Back 35

dsingle canal that carries urine to the outside of the body

Front 36

urethral meatus

Back 36

opening in the urethra to the outside of the body

Front 37

urine

Back 37

fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste products

Front 38

urea

Back 38

waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidney, and excreted in urine

Front 39

creatinine

Back 39

waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine

Front 40

albuminuria

Back 40

presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise

Front 41

proteinuria

Back 41

presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise

Front 42

anuria

Back 42

absence of urine formation

Front 43

anuresis

Back 43

inability to pass urine

Front 44

bacteriuria

Back 44

presence of bacteria in the urine

Front 45

dysuria

Back 45

painful urination

Front 46

enuresis

Back 46

involuntary discharge of urine, usually referring to a lack of bladder control

Front 47

nocturnal enuresis

Back 47

bedwetting during sleep

Front 48

hematuria

Back 48

presence of blood in the urine

Front 49

urinary stress incontinence

Back 49

involuntary discharge of urine with coughing, sneezing, or strained exercise

Front 50

incontinence

Back 50

involuntary discharge of urine or feces

Front 51

ketonuria

Back 51

presence of ketone bodies in the urine

Front 52

ketone bodies

Back 52

acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation

Front 53

ketone compounds

Back 53

acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation

Front 54

nocturia

Back 54

urination at night

Front 55

oliguria

Back 55

scanty production or urine

Front 56

pyuria

Back 56

presence of white cells in the urine, usually indicating infection

Front 57

urinary retention

Back 57

retention of urine caused by an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction

Front 58

glomerulonephritis

Back 58

form of nephritis involving he glomerulus

Front 59

hydronephrosis

Back 59

pooling of urine in dilated areasof the renal pelvis andcalicse of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow or urine

Front 60

nephritis

Back 60

inflammation of the kidney

Front 61

pyelonephritis

Back 61

inflammation of the renal pelvis

Front 62

nephrosis

Back 62

degenerative disease of the renal tubules

Front 63

nephrolithiasis

Back 63

presence of a renal stone or stones

Front 64

cystitis

Back 64

inflammation of the bladder

Front 65

urethritis

Back 65

inflammation of the urethra

Front 66

urethrocystitis

Back 66

inflammation of the urethra and bladder

Front 67

urethral stenosis

Back 67

narrowed condition of the urethra

Front 68

urinary tract infection

Back 68

invasion of pathogenic organisms in the urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder, symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency and malaise

Front 69

uremia

Back 69

excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure

Front 70

azotemia

Back 70

excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure

Front 71

cystoscopy

Back 71

examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope

Front 72

kidney biopsy

Back 72

removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination

Front 73

renal biopsy

Back 73

removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination

Front 74

radiography

Back 74

x-ray studies commonly used in urology

Front 75

intravenous pyelogram

Back 75

x-rays of the urinary tract taken after an iodine contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, and so on

Front 76

intravenous urogram

Back 76

x-rays of the urinary tract taken after an iodine contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream; the contrast passes through the kidney and may reveal an obstruction, evidence of trauma, and so on

Front 77

kidney, ureter, bladder

Back 77

abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureter, and bladder typically used as a cout film before doing an IVP

Front 78

scout film

Back 78

plain x-ray taken to detect any obvious pathology before further imaging

Front 79

renal angiogram

Back 79

x-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery

Front 80

retrograde pyelogram

Back 80

x-ray of the ureters, bladder, and kidney taken after contrast medium is administered backward through a small catheter through a cystoscp[e to detect the presence of stones, obstructions, and so on

Front 81

voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram

Back 81

x-ray of the bladder and urethra taken during urination

Front 82

abdominal sonogram

Back 82

ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder

Front 83

urinalysis

Back 83

physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine

Front 84

specific gravity

Back 84

measure of the concentration of dilution of urine

Front 85

pH

Back 85

measure of acidity or alkalinity of urine

Front 86

glucose

Back 86

chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine; used most often to screen for diabetes

Front 87

albumin

Back 87

chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine

Front 88

protein

Back 88

chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine

Front 89

ketones

Back 89

chemical test used to detect the presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicates fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs in starvation or in an uncontrollef diabetic state

Front 90

occult blood, urine

Back 90

chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis, indicates bleeding in the kidneys

Front 91

bilirubin

Back 91

chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease

Front 92

urobilinogen

Back 92

chemical test ysed ti detect bile pigment in the urine-increased amounts seen in gallbladder and liver disease

Front 93

nitrite

Back 93

chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine

Front 94

microscopic findings

Back 94

microscopic identification of abnormal constituents present in the urinne

Front 95

urine culture and sensitivity

Back 95

isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the growth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified along with drugs to which they are sensitive

Front 96

blood urea nitrogen

Back 96

blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a highi BUN indicates the kidney's inability to excrete urea

Front 97

creatinine, urine

Back 97

test to determine the level of creatinine in the urine

Front 98

creatinine, serum

Back 98

test to determin the level of creatinine in the blood, useful in assessing kidney function

Front 99

creatinine clearance testing

Back 99

measurements of the level of creatinine in the vlood and a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate that creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys

Front 100

urologic endoscopic surgery

Back 100

use of specialized endoscopes within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures such as resection of a tumor, repait of an obstruction, stone retrieval, placement of a stent, and so on

Front 101

resectoscope

Back 101

urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lessions of the bladder, urethra, or prostate

Front 102

intracorporeal lithotripsy

Back 102

method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using electrical energy discharges transmitted to a prove within a flexible endoscope, most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones

Front 103

nephrotomy

Back 103

incision into the kidney

Front 104

nephrarrhaphy

Back 104

suture of an injured kidney

Front 105

nephrolithotomy

Back 105

incision into the kidney for the removal of stones

Front 106

nephrectomy

Back 106

excision of a kidney

Front 107

pyeloplasty

Back 107

surgical recontruction of the renal pelvis

Front 108

stent placement

Back 108

use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes

Front 109

kidney transplantation

Back 109

transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another

Front 110

renal transplantation

Back 110

transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another

Front 111

urinary diversion

Back 111

creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or disease such as vladder cancer

Front 112

noncontinent ileal conduit

Back 112

removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen-urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag)

Front 113

continent urostomy

Back 113

an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine which deverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall-a valve is created internally to prevent leakage and the patient empties the pouch by catherization

Front 114

orthtopic bladder neobladder

Back 114

bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra, allowing "natural" voiding

Front 115

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Back 115

procedure using ultrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder

Front 116

kidney dialysis

Back 116

methods of filtering impurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure

Front 117

hemodialysis

Back 117

method of removing impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialized filter of the artificial kidney machine

Front 118

peritoneal dialysis

Back 118

method of removing impurities using the peritoneum as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal delivers cleansing fluid that is washed inand out in cycles

Front 119

analgesic

Back 119

drug that relieves pain

Front 120

antibiotic

Back 120

drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

Front 121

antispasmodic

Back 121

drug that relieves spasm

Front 122

diuretic

Back 122

drug that increases the secretion of urine