Chapter 7: Urinary System

Front 1

arteriole

Back 1

small artery

Front 2

Bowman capsule

Back 2

cup-shaped capsule surrounding each glomerulus

Front 3

calyx or calix
(plural: calyces or calices)

Back 3

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

Front 4

catheter

Back 4

tube for injecting or removing fluids

Front 5

cortex

Back 5

outer region; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney (cortical means pertaing to the cortex)

Front 6

creatinine

Back 6

a waste product of muscle metabolism; nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

Front 7

electrolyte

Back 7

a chemical that carries an electrical charge in a solution. examples are potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+)

Front 8

erythropoietin (EPO)

Back 8

a hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells

Front 9

filtration

Back 9

passive process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter or other material. blood pressure forces materials through the filter. about 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98 to 99 percent of the water and salts. only about 1.5 quarts (1500mL) of urine are excreted daily

Front 10

glomerulus (plural: glomeruli)

Back 10

tiny balls of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in cortex of kidney

Front 11

hilum

Back 11

depression or pit in that part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

Front 12

kidney

Back 12

one of two bean-shaped organs located behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region

Front 13

meatus

Back 13

opening or canal

Front 14

medulla

Back 14

inner region; the renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney (medullary means pertaining to the medulla)

Front 15

micturition

Back 15

urination; the act of voiding

Front 16

nephron

Back 16

the combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney

Front 17

nitrogenous waste

Back 17

substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine

Front 18

potassium (K+)

Back 18

a salt (electrolyte) secreted from the bloodstream into the renal tubules to leave the body in urine

Front 19

reabsorption

Back 19

in this process, the renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

Front 20

renal artery

Back 20

carries blood to the kidney

Front 21

renal pelvis

Back 21

central collecting region in the kidney

Front 22

renal tubule

Back 22

microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration. in the renal tubule, the composition of urine is altered by the processes of reabsorption and secretion

Front 23

renal vein

Back 23

carries blood away from the kidney

Front 24

renin

Back 24

an enzymatic hormone synthesized, stored and secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)

Front 25

sodium (Na+)

Back 25

a salt (electrolyte) regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys

Front 26

trigone

Back 26

triangular area in the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits

Front 27

urea

Back 27

major nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine

Front 28

ureter

Back 28

tube leading from each kidney to the bladder

Front 29

urethra

Back 29

tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body

Front 30

uric acid

Back 30

nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

Front 31

urinary bladder

Back 31

sac that holds urine

Front 32

urination

Back 32

process of expelling urine; also called micturition

Front 33

voiding

Back 33

emptying of urine from the urinary bladder; urination or micturition

Front 34

cali/o
calic/o

Back 34

calyx (calix)

Front 35

cyst/o

Back 35

urinary bladder

Front 36

glomerul/o

Back 36

glomerulus (collection of capillaries)

Front 37

meat/o

Back 37

meatus

Front 38

nephr/o

Back 38

kidney

Front 39

pyel/o

Back 39

renal pelvis

Front 40

ren/o

Back 40

kidney

Front 41

trigon/o

Back 41

trigone (region of the bladder)

Front 42

ureter/o

Back 42

ureter

Front 43

urethr/o

Back 43

urethra

Front 44

vesic/o

Back 44

urinary bladder

Front 45

albumin/o

Back 45

albumin (a protein in the blood)

Front 46

azot/o

Back 46

nitrogen

Front 47

bacteri/o

Back 47

bacteria

Front 48

dips/o

Back 48

thirst

Front 49

ket/o
keton/o

Back 49

ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)

Front 50

lith/o

Back 50

stone

Front 51

noct/i

Back 51

night

Front 52

olig/o

Back 52

scanty

Front 53

-poietin

Back 53

substance that forms

Front 54

py/o

Back 54

pus

Front 55

-tripsy

Back 55

to crush

Front 56

ur/o

Back 56

urine (urea)

Front 57

urin/o

Back 57

urine

Front 58

-uria

Back 58

urination, urince condition

Front 59

glomerulonephritis

Back 59

inflammation of the kidney glomerulus

Front 60

interstitial nephritis

Back 60

inflammation of the renal interstitium (connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules)

Front 61

nephrolithiasis

Back 61

kidney stones (renal calculi)

Front 62

nephrotic syndrome

Back 62

a group of symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in the urine (also called nephrosis)

Front 63

polycystic kidneys

Back 63

multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and upon the kidney

Front 64

pyelonephritis

Back 64

inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal medulla

Front 65

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

Back 65

cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

Front 66

renal failure

Back 66

failure of the kidney to excrete wastes and maintain its filtration function

Front 67

renal hypertension

Back 67

high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

Front 68

Wilms tumor

Back 68

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring childhood

Front 69

bladder cancer

Back 69

malignant tumor of the urinary bladder

Front 70

diabetes insipidus

Back 70

inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 71

diabetes mellitus

Back 71

inadequate secretion or improper utilization of insulin

Front 72

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Back 72

measurement of urea levels in blood

Front 73

creatinine clearance test

Back 73

measures the rate at which creatine is cleared from the blood by the kidney

Front 74

CT scan

Back 74

x-ray image with detailed cross-sectional views of organs and tissues

Front 75

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

Back 75

x-ray image of the kidneys and ureters after injection of contrast into a vein

Front 76

kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)

Back 76

x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

Front 77

renal angiography

Back 77

x-ray examination (with contrast) of the vascular system (blood vessels) of the kidney

Front 78

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

Back 78

x-ray images of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder after injecting contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters

Front 79

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

Back 79

x-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra while the patient is expelling urine

Front 80

ultrasonography

Back 80

process of imaging urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves

Front 81

radioisotope scan

Back 81

image of the kidney after injecting into the bloodstream a radioactive substance (isotope) that concentrates in the kidney

Front 82

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 82

a magnetic field and radio waves produce images of the kidney and surrounding structures in all three planes of the body

Front 83

cystoscopy

Back 83

direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)

Front 84

dialysis

Back 84

process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the bloodstream when the kidneys no longer function

Front 85

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Back 85

shock waves crush urinary tract stones, which then pass from the body in urine

Front 86

renal angioplasty

Back 86

dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries

Front 87

renal biopsy

Back 87

removal of kidney tissue with microscopic examination by a pathologist

Front 88

renal transplantation

Back 88

surgical transfer of a complete kidney from a donor to recipient

Front 89

urinary catherterization

Back 89

passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder