Chap. 43 & Lab #1 Animal Body Tissues

Front 1

What holds cells together?
What are they?
What are the 3 types?

Back 1

Junctions
Glycoproteins
1) Tight junctions
2) Anchoring junctions
3) Gap junctions

Front 2

Tight junctions

Back 2

Seal spaces between cells preventing leakage

Front 3

Anchoring junctions
aka?

Back 3

Desmosomes

Allows tissues to stretch and resist tears

Front 4

Gap junctions

Back 4

Open channels for substances to flow through

Front 5

Tissues
4 types

Back 5

Specialized cells bound together by the 3 types of junctions
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous

Front 6

Epithelial and endothelial tissue
Attached to?
ECM?

Back 6

Epi = covers body's surfaces or is attached to the basal lamina, holding the cell in place
Endo = lines the lumen of internal, hollow organs

Tightly packed cells with little extracellular matrix

Front 7

Basal lamina

Back 7

- ECM secreted by the epithelium cell itself
- Part of the basement membrane

Front 8

Functions of epithelial tissue
3

Back 8

1) Protects against microbes entering and rupture
2) Secretes and absorbs substances
3) Allows for exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes

Front 9

What two armlike structures can cover the endothelium?
Which organs can they be found

Back 9

Cilia = hair-like microtubules that push things along; trachea, nasal cavity, fallopian tubes

Microvilli = extensions of the cytoplasm for increased surface area for expediated absorption; small intestine, kidney absorption cells

Front 10

Types epithelial tissue
Their shapes and layering combinations (5)

Back 10

1) Simple squamous
2) Stratified squamous
3) Simple cuboidal
4) Simple columnar
5) Pseudostratified columnar

Front 11

Functions of each type of tissue combo (5)

Back 11

Simple squamous = easy diffusion

Stratified squamous = tough layer to protect against abrasion

Simple cuboidal = contains transport channels for secretion and absorption

Columnar = thick for protection and for secretion and absorption

Front 12

Goblet cells

Back 12

Mucus secreting cells interspersed among columnar epithelial cells

Front 13

Villus

Back 13

Finger-like projections of the small intestine due to its highly folded shape for increased surface area

Front 14

Glands
What?
When formed?
How formed?

Back 14

• Organs of secretion
• formed during embryonic development
• epithelial layer pushes down on the underlying connective tissue, forming a pocket - the gland

Front 15

Exocrine gland vs. endocrine gland

Back 15

Exocrine = ducted for products to exit the gland

Endocrine = cells of the duct die so that hormones are secreted into the interstitial fluids to the blood stream, rather than exiting epithelial layer
• make up the endocrine system

Front 16

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?
2

Back 16

The alveoli of the lungs and capillary blood vessels for easy diffusion of O2 and CO2

Front 17

Where can stratified squamous be found?
4

Back 17

Lining of mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, and vagina to protect against abrasion

Front 18

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
4

Back 18

Small intestine for nutrient absorption

Kidney's nephron tubules for filtering blood and absorption and secretion of nutrients

Thyroid's follicles for secretion of hormones

Exocrine and endocrine glands for secretion

Front 19

Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?
3

Back 19

Non-ciliated from stomach to anus

Ciliated from fallopian tubes to bronchi

Small intestine

Front 20

Where can psuedostratified columnar epithelium be found?
4

Back 20

Upper respiratory tract:
trachea (wind pipe), bronchi, bronchioles, nasal cavity

Front 21

Why are squamous cells found where abrasion can occur?

Back 21

Squamous cells are small and so they require little ATP to generate, so if they get scraped off or damaged they are easily replaced

Cuboidal and columnar cells require more ATP to generate

Front 22

Connective tissue: what is the commonality between the 6 types?

Back 22

The cells are separated by a lot of extracellular matrix -> not as tightly packed as epithelial tissue

Front 23

4 types of glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix

Back 23

1) Fibronectin
2) Proteoglycans
3) Collagen
4) Elastin

Front 24

Fibronectin
What?

Back 24

Holds cell in place by binding to the integrin proteins in the cell membrane

Front 25

Proteoglycans
What? (2)
Where is this found?

Back 25

- small proteins bound to large polysaccharides
- forms a gelatinous fluid when mixed with water

- found in bones, cartilage, and loose CT
- condron in cartilage

Front 26

Collagen
What?
Where is this found?

Back 26

- Thick fibers for support and strength
- found in bones, dense and loose CT

Front 27

Elastin
What?
Where is this found?

Back 27

- Elastic fibers which give elasticity
- found in areolar (loose) and dense CT

Front 28

Areolar loose connective tissue
Cell type
ECM
Functions (3)

Back 28

- Cell type = fibroblasts
- ECM = elastin and collagen
- functions = attaches dermis to muscle, wraps around organs, and secretes lubrication to prevent friction

Front 29

Adipose loose connective tissue
Cell type
ECM
Functions (3)

Back 29

- cell type = adipocytes
- ECM = very little
- function = energy, cushioning, insulation

Front 30

Fibrous dense connective tissue
Cell type
ECM
Functions (1)
Makes up (2)

Back 30

- cell type = fibroblasts
- ECM = collagen and elastin
- Function = ECM aligned in parallel bundles for strength and elasticity
- Makes up = tendons connecting muscle to bone; ligaments connecting bone to bone

Front 31

Cartilage connective tissue
Cell type
ECM
Functions (2)
Location

Back 31

- Cells = chondrocytes
- ECM = chondrin (proteoglycans) and collagen
- functions = cushioning between bones, flexibility
- Location = ribs, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, tips of bones such as nose, ears

Front 32

Bone connective tissue
Cell type (3) what are they?
ECM
Functions (5)

Back 32

- Cells = osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
- Osteoblasts = build bone by secreting collagen and minerals which harden the ECM; osteoblasts get trapped and turn into a mature osteocyte cell
- osteoclasts = degrade bone and release minerals into blood
- ECM = collagen and hydroxyapetite (calcium phosphate)
- functions = structure, protection, movement, calcium reservoir, contains hematopoietic (stem) cells

Front 33

Blood connective tissue
Cell type (2)
ECM
Functions (4)

Back 33

- Cell = erythrocytes (red) and leukocytes (white)
- ECM = plasma
- Functions = erythrocytes: trasport O2, CO2, buffers pH
Leukocytes = immunity

Front 34

Lacunae

Back 34

Hollow cavities where the cells of cartilage and bone connective tissue cells live

chrondrocytes
osteocyste

Front 35

Which is the most common type of connective tissue?

Back 35

Areolar loose

Front 36

Haversian canal

Back 36

Central cavity in bone containing blood vessels and nerves

Front 37

Lamellae

Back 37

Rings of hardened ECM in bone

Front 38

Canaliculi

Back 38

cytoplasmic network extending from osteocytes to the Haversian canal's blood vessels

Routes by which osteocytes receives nutrients and expel wastes

Front 39

Muscle Tissue
Cell type
Function
3 types

Back 39

Cell type: myocytes aka muscle fibers

Function: the motors of the body through contraction of muscle fibers

1) Smooth
2) Skeletal
3) Cardiac

Front 40

Smooth muscle
3

Back 40

- found amongst the internal organs
- NO striations, spindle shaped
- INVOLUNTARY contraction

Front 41

Skeletal muscle
4

Back 41

- attached to bones by TENDONS (dense fibrous CT)
- several cells fused together during embryonic development to produce long MULTINUCLEATED muscle fibers
- appears STRIATED and fibers run PARALLEL to one another
- VOLUNTARY contraction

Front 42

Cardiac muscle
4

Back 42

- within the heart
- appears STRIATED and BRANCHED
- intercalated disks (gap junctions) separate myocyte cells
- INVOLUNTARY contractions

Front 43

Peristalsis

Back 43

Slow, rhythmic, wave-like contractions of the smooth muscle

Front 44

Nervous tissue
Cell type
Location
Function

Back 44

Cell: neuron

Location: nerves, spinal cord, brain

Function: communication, integration, coordination

Front 45

Nerve

Back 45

A bundle of neurons (nerve cells) wrapped in connective tissue

Front 46

Soma

Back 46

- Cell body; contains most of the cell's organelles
- receives incoming impulses

Front 47

Dendrite

Back 47

- cytoplasmic arms branching off of the soma
- receive incoming impulses
- attached to the axon terminal buttons of the next neuron cell

Front 48

Axon

Back 48

- a branch-like cytoplasmic extension from the soma to the end of the neuron which sends signals away from the soma to the next neuron

Front 49

Schwann cells
Myelin Sheath

Back 49

Schwann cells = cells that wrap around the axon

Myelin Sheath = membrane for insulation made up of schwann cells; speeds up sending of impulses

Front 50

Axon terminal buttons

Back 50

Make contact with the dendrites or somas of the next cell to send send off impulses