Lab 7: Animal Tissues And Organs

Front 1

Epithelial tissue

Back 1

Surface tissue covering or lining the body or organs. Layers of compact, tightly packed contiguous cells. Fond cemented to basement lamella. Classified by its morphology, (shape and number of cells)

Front 2

Basement lamella

Back 2

A thin fibrous membrane that often underlies epithelium, not usually visible.

Front 3

Simple

Back 3

One cell layer

Front 4

Stratified

Back 4

More than one cell layer

Front 5

Squamous

Back 5

Flat cells

Front 6

Cuboidal

Back 6

Bok-like cells

Front 7

Columnar

Back 7

Elongated box like cells

Front 8

Stratified squamous epithelium

Back 8

Multiple layers of various shaped cells lying on basement lamella. Bottom most layer miotically active, and made up of cuboidal cells. Covering layers progressively squamous. Top layer (corneum) made up of scale like dead cells, which rub off. Human skin; to protect from friction, heat, water loss, etc.

Front 9

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Back 9

Single layer of boxy cells on a basement lamella, they are tightly joined together, each with a large nucleus. Form kidney tubules, smallest bronchioles of the lungs, duct glands, and ducts of liver and pancreas. Function: secretion and forming tubes.

Front 10

Simple Columnar epithelium

Back 10

Single layer of tall cells on basement lamella with nuclei near base. Appear square like or hexagonal, and tightly joined, may be covered by cilia or microvilli. Lining of digestive tract and the upper respiratory tract, providing lubrication, secretion, absorption, and dust filtration.

Front 11

Connective tissue

Back 11

A structural tissue which includes many kinds with many functions. Common features to all: cells not contiguous (scattered), Cells found in an extracellular matrix (distinguishing feature between types)

Front 12

Blood tissue

Back 12

Connective tissue with cells scattered in a non-living matrix.

Front 13

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Back 13

Small discs, without nucleus, red coloured, giving blood its colour. Function: transport of oxygen. Produced in bone marrow. Most abundant component of blood.

Front 14

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Back 14

Large round cells with varying nucleic shapes. Several types. Function: attack invaders in the body. Produced in bone marrow. Least abundant component in blood.

Front 15

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Back 15

Tiny irregular fragments of cells with no nucleus. Function: to carry enzymes that cause clotting. Produced in bone marrow.

Front 16

Plasma (serum)

Back 16

Liquid matrix of blood, 55% of blood by volume. Water, proteins, ions, nutrients, wastes, etc. Many proteins produced by the liver.

Front 17

Adipose tissue

Back 17

Fat tissue. Very little matrix squeezed among cells. Each cell dominated by large droplet of lipids. Function is storage of food and energy. Like big empty cells (nucleus sometimes visible on edges of cells).

Front 18

Loose Connective tissue

Back 18

Semi liquid matrix and loose web of fibres. Star shaped cells called fibroblasts, with large nuclei, scattered in the web. Found around abdominal cavity, attaching organs to the body wall, and around heart and lungs. Functions: to seal, attach, protect, and support.

Front 19

Fibrous connective tissue

Back 19

Two kinds; tendons and ligaments. Few fibroblasts squeezed between numerous fibres, bathed in a scant liquid matrix.

Front 20

Tendon

Back 20

Attach muscles to bone.

Front 21

Ligament

Back 21

Attaches bone to bone.

Front 22

Cartilage

Back 22

Scattered cells are buried in a rubbery matrix, each with its own capsule. Materials diffuse slowly through rubbery matrix. Found at end of bones (function to prevent friction), joining ribs to sternum (function: protection of thorax with flexibility), in nose, ears, larynx and trachea (function: for shape and flexibility).

Front 23

Chondrocytes

Back 23

Scattered cells in cartilage.

Front 24

Chondrium

Back 24

Rubbery matrix in cartilage.

Front 25

Lacuna

Back 25

Capsule for cells in cartilage and bone.

Front 26

Bone tissue

Back 26

Scattered cells, buried in hard matrix, each cell in a lacuna. Materials diffuse through tiny passages in hard cartilage, between lacunae. Mineral salts make the matrix hard. Laid down by matrix in layers around a central canal, which contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Provides anchors and levers for voluntary muscles, protects vital organs, and stores calcium.

Front 27

Osteocytes

Back 27

Scattered cells in bone.

Front 28

Osteum

Back 28

Hard matrix in bone.

Front 29

Canaliculi

Back 29

Tiny passages in bone between lacunae.

Front 30

Muscle Tissue

Back 30

Makes up most of the mass of the body. Several terms for the cells that are specific to muscle cells. Three types of muscle tissue, each classified by structure and function.

Front 31

Muscle fibre

Back 31

Muscle cell. Long and may be found with one or many nuclei, typically reddish colour, and have faint longitudinal striations. Two kinds show distinct cross-striations. Voluntary or involuntary, but basic function is to contract.

Front 32

Sarcolemma

Back 32

Plasma membrane of a muscle cell.

Front 33

Sarcoplasm

Back 33

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

Front 34

Smooth muscle tissue.

Back 34

Involuntary, slow and efficient. No cross striations. Long and tapering towards ends. A single elongated nucleus found in the middle. Fibres are packed closely with loose connective tissue. Found in walls of organs, blood vessels, air passages and ducts. Function is to change the diameter of some tubes and move material through others.

Front 35

Skeletal muscle tissue (striated muscle tissue)

Back 35

Voluntary, striated, quickly contracting, and tires easily. Very long fibers, and uniform thickness, with blunt ends. Multi-nucleated, with nuclei found next to the sarcolemma. Found attached to bones (by tendons). Function is to move the body.

Front 36

Cardiac muscle tissue

Back 36

Involuntary, similar in appearance to skeletal muscles, although two major differences; branching fibres which interweave and tightly join with other fibres, and nuclei found in center of sarcoplasm. Found only in the heart and base of pulmonary vein and aorta. Function is to pump blood.

Front 37

Nerve tissue

Back 37

Makes up nervous system. Cells (neurons) that conduct impulses, and surrounded by supporting cells (neuroglia). Made up of branched dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon. Nucleus found in cell body, as well as most of cytoplasm. Nerve impulse runs from cell body, along axon, to the axon terminal, where they connect with other neurons (at synapses), or with muscle fibres (neuromuscular junctions). Can be extremely long.

Front 38

Respiratory system

Back 38

In mammals for oxygen input and removal of CO2. Nares (nostrils) -> nasal cavity (warmed, moisturized, and filtered) ->pharynx -> glottis -> larynx (vocal cords found) -> trachea (further moisturized, warmed and filtered) -> bronchi -> lungs -> bronchioles (final splitting of the bronchi) - > alveoli (site of oxygen and CO2 diffusion in/out of blood). The muscle that powers this is the diaphragm, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal one.

Front 39

Digestive system

Back 39

Mouth -> oral cavity -> teeth (begin physical digestion), saliva (begins chemical digestion, tongue (manipulates food while palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity) -> pharynx, epiglottis (prevents food from entering larynx) -> esophagus -> stomach (further chemical digestion) -> small intestine, liver and pancreas (liver using gall bladder as storage, secrete juices that further chemical digestion) -> colon (large intestine) (reclamation of water and minerals) -> rectum -> anus.

Front 40

Circulatory system

Back 40

Four chambered for mammals (2 ventricles, 2 atria). Lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> arteries -> capillaries (end point of circulation where the oxygen and CO2 exchanges may happen) -> veins -> vena cava -> right atrium -> pulmonary artery -> lungs (capillaries surround each alveolus)

Front 41

Excretory system

Back 41

Waste materials filtered from our blood by Kidneys (2) -> ureters -> urinary bladder (stored, until ejection) -> urethra.