Principles Of Animal Biology Lab Exam 1

Front 1

C6H12O6 + 6O2 <> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ 38ATP + heat)

Back 1

the chemical equation for cellular respiration

Front 2

What products are consumed during cellular respiration?

Back 2

carbohydrates, oxygen

Front 3

What products are released from cellular respiration?

Back 3

carbon dioxide, water, energy

Front 4

What process(s) need oxygen for cellular respiration?

Back 4

Citric Acid (kreb's) Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Front 5

What happens during oxidation?

Back 5

electrons are lost from an atom and given to oxygen atoms

Front 6

Organelle that contains genetic material and controls cell activity :

Back 6

Nucleus

Front 7

Provides cell boundary, controls movement in and out of cell :

Back 7

Plasma Membrane/ Cell Membrane

Front 8

2acetyl groups, 6NAD+, 2FAD, 2ADP, 2phosphate groups

Back 8

The molecules that are used for the Kreb's Cycle

Front 9

4CO2 + 6NADH + H+, 2FADH2, 2ATP

Back 9

The molecules produced after the Kreb's Cycle

Front 10

Characteristics of Life

Back 10

cellular organization, response to stimuli, homeostasis, reproduce, heredity, metabolism, growth and development

Front 11

Levels of biological organization

Back 11

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, family, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Front 12

Domains

Back 12

Archae, Eukarya, Prokarya

Front 13

Trophic Levels

Back 13

level 1 = producers, level 2 = primary consumers, level 3 = secondary consumers, level 4 = tertiary consumers

Front 14

Chloroplast

Back 14

site of photosynthesis

Front 15

Centrioles

Back 15

structures that assemble microtubules in animal cells and cells of most protist, occur in pairs, made of microtubules

Front 16

Cilia

Back 16

push substances and fluid across cell membrane

Front 17

flagella

Back 17

push cell through fluid

Front 18

Essential Amino Acids

Back 18

Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine

Front 19

Nonpolar, aliphatic Amino Acid

Back 19

Leucine, Methionine, Isoleucine, Valine, Alanine, Glycine

Front 20

Polar, Uncharged Amino Acids

Back 20

Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Proline, Asparagine, Glutamine

Front 21

Positively charged Amino Acids

Back 21

Lysine, Arginine, Histidine

Front 22

Negatively charged Amino Acids

Back 22

Aspartate, Glutamate

Front 23

Nonpolar, aromatic Amino Acids

Back 23

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

Front 24

Purines

Back 24

Have two rings - Adenine, Guanine

Front 25

Pyrimidines

Back 25

have one ring - Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Front 26

Peptide Bond

Back 26

Covalent bond linking two amino acids together

Front 27

RNA’s Nucleotides

Back 27

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

Front 28

DNA’s Nucleotides

Back 28

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

Front 29

Phosphodiester bonds

Back 29

link nucleotides into a polynucleotide between the 5’ phosphate group and the 3’ carbon residue

Front 30

Central Dogma

Back 30

DNA to RNA to protein: Dna will dictate the RNA in a process called transcription, RNA will dictate the DNA in a process called translation, These processes are called the central dogma

Front 31

Oxidoreductoases

Back 31

oxidation-reduction

Front 32

Transferases

Back 32

transfer group of atoms

Front 33

Hydrolases

Back 33

hydrolysis

Front 34

Lyases

Back 34

add/remove atoms to/from a double bond

Front 35

Isomerases

Back 35

rearrange atoms

Front 36

Ligases

Back 36

combine molecules using ATP

Front 37

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Back 37

pump 3 NA+ out of the cell and pump 2 K+ into the cell, the result of the NA+-K+ pump is to generate a concentration gradient with more NA+ outside of the cell than inside - Nerve cells have a lot of sodium-potassium pumps

Front 38

Exocytosis

Back 38

(exit out of the cell) vesicle fuses with plasma membrane as secretion occurs, membrane of vesicle becomes part of the plasma membrane, substances expelled into extracellular environment

Front 39

Endocytosis

Back 39

(enter into the cell) cells take in substance by vesical formation

Front 40

Passages of Molecules into and out of the cell

Back 40

Diffusion, Facilitated transport, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis

Front 41

Diffusion

Back 41

the net movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration, the solution contains a solute and a solvent

Front 42

Osmosis

Back 42

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, always down the concentration gradient

Front 43

Components of the plasma membrane

Back 43

phospholipids, cholesterol (acts as the antifreeze)

Front 44

Cytoplasm

Back 44

comprises the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope

Front 45

Double membrane organelles

Back 45

Mitochondria, Nucleus, Chloroplasts

Front 46

Cytosol

Back 46

provides the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions

Front 47

Organelle

Back 47

membrane-enclosed bodies in the cell, each performing a unique function

Front 48

Chromosome

Back 48

DNA packaged into segments and associated with protein

Front 49

Chromatin

Back 49

when the cell is not dividing, the chromosomes exist as threadlike strands called chromatin

Front 50

Ribosomes

Back 50

The cell builds proteins on these structures

Front 51

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 51

dedicated to protein synthesis

Front 52

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 52

aids in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids

Front 53

Golgi Bodies

Back 53

Function to collect, package, and distribute molecules manufactured in the cell

Front 54

Lysosomes

Back 54

contain enzymes that the cell uses to break down macromolecules

Front 55

Mitochondria

Back 55

responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sites for chemical reactions called oxidative metabolism

Front 56

Chloroplasts

Back 56

sites of photosynthesis

Front 57

Chemical Equation of Photosynthesis (words)

Back 57

solar energy + carbon dioxide + water -> carbohydrate + oxygen

Front 58

Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration (words)

Back 58

carbohydrate + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Front 59

Peroxisomes

Back 59

specific for breaking down hydrogen peroxide

Front 60

Central vacuole

Back 60

stores water and dissolved substances

Front 61

Protein fibers

Back 61

intermediate filaments, microtubules, microfilaments

Front 62

Intermediate Filaments

Back 62

thick ropes of intertwined protein

Front 63

Microtubules

Back 63

hollow tubes made up of the protein tubulin

Front 64

Microfilaments

Back 64

long, slender microfilaments made up of the protein actin

Front 65

Cytoskeleton

Back 65

anchors organelles to fixed locations, supports the shape of the cell, helps organize ribosomes and enzymes needed for synthesis activities

Front 66

Prokaryotes

Back 66

cells do not possess a nucleus

Front 67

Eukaryotes

Back 67

“true nucleus” - found in all multicellular organisms today

Front 68

Law 1 of Thermodynamics

Back 68

“law of conservation of energy” - the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant, energy can change from one state to another but it can never be created or destroyed, during the energy conversions, some of the energy is lost as heat energy

Front 69

Law 2 of Thermodynamics

Back 69

The amount of disorder, or entropy, in the universe is increasing. Every energy transformation makes the universe less organized and more disordered

Front 70

Catabolism

Back 70

breaking down molecules

Front 71

Anabolism

Back 71

building molecules

Front 72

Biochemical Pathway

Back 72

the series of catalyzed reactions

Front 73

oxidation

Back 73

when an atom or molecule loses an electron

Front 74

Reduction

Back 74

when an atom or molecule gains an electron

Front 75

Electron Carrier Enzymes

Back 75

NAD+ and FAD (they carry electrons from the cytoplasm or the mitochondrial matrix and carry them to the cristae of the mitochondria)

Front 76

Homologous chromosomes

Back 76

pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells

Front 77

G1 Phases

Back 77

primary growth phase of the cell following division, most cells spend the majority of their lifespan in this phase

Front 78

S phase

Back 78

DNA replication occurs in preparation for cell division

Front 79

G2 Phase

Back 79

further preparation for cell division, including replication of mitochondria and synthesis of microtubules

Front 80

Cytokinesis

Back 80

They cytoplasm divides, creating two daughter cells

Front 81

Stages of Mitosis

Back 81

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 82

Prophase

Back 82

nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers appear, centromeres attach to spindle fibers, chromatin condenses

Front 83

Metaphase

Back 83

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

Front 84

Anaphase

Back 84

centromeres divide, sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles by fibers

Front 85

Telophase

Back 85

nuclear membrane reforms, spindle disappears, cytokinesis occurs, chromosomes become more diffuse again

Front 86

Gametes

Back 86

reproductive cells that contain half the complement of chromosomes found in somatic cells

Front 87

Zygote

Back 87

contain two complete copies of each chromosome

Front 88

Fertilization

Back 88

the fusion of gametes

Front 89

Meiosis

Back 89

a process of reduction division in forming gametes, this ensure a consistent chromosome number across generations

Front 90

Somatic Cells

Back 90

two sets of chromosomes - they are diploid

Front 91

Gametes

Back 91

have only one set of chromosomes - they are haploid

Front 92

Prophase 1

Back 92

synapsis occurs, nuclear membrane breaks down, homologues line up side by side and crossing over occurs

Front 93

Metaphase 1

Back 93

paired homologous chromosomes align on a central plane (metaphase plate) and may be oriented toward either pole

Front 94

Synapsis

Back 94

lining up side by side at the equator

Front 95

Anaphase 1

Back 95

homologous chromosomes undergo independent assortment into daughter cells

Front 96

Telophase 1

Back 96

chromosomes gather at each of the two poles