Chabner Lom Ch. 15 Musculoskeletal System

Front 1

acetabulum

Back 1

Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvic bone where the femur (thigh bone) joins the pelvis, forming the hip joint.

Front 2

acromion

Back 2

Outward extension of the shoulder bone forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.

Front 3

articular cartilage

Back 3

Thin layer of cartilage occurring at the ends of long bones and covering any part of bone that comes together with another bone to form a joint.

Front 4

calcium

Back 4

One of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones.

Front 5

cancellous bone

Back 5

Spongy, porous, trabecular bone.

Front 6

cartiliginous tissue (cartilage)

Back 6

Flexible, rubbery connective tissue. It is found on joint surfaces throughout life and in the immature skeleton at the epiphyseal growth plate.

Front 7

collagen

Back 7

Dense connective tissue strands found in bone.

Front 8

compact bone

Back 8

Hard, dense bone tissue.

Front 9

condyle

Back 9

Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint.

Front 10

cranial bones

Back 10

skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal.

Front 11

diaphysis

Back 11

Shaft, or midportion, of a long bone.

Front 12

disc (disk)

Back 12

Flat, round, plate-like structure. An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous substance between two vertebrae.

Front 13

epiphyseal plate

Back 13

Cartiliginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place.

Front 14

epiphysis

Back 14

Each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate.

Front 15

facial bones

Back 15

lacrimal, mandible, maxillae, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic bones.

Front 16

fontanelle

Back 16

Soft spot (incomplete formation) between the skull bones of an infant.

Front 17

foramen

Back 17

Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels, nerves, or both enter and leave. The foramen magnum is the opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

Front 18

fossa

Back 18

Shallow cavity in a bone.

Front 19

haversian canals

Back 19

Minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone.

Front 20

malleolus

Back 20

Round process on both sides of the ankle joint. The lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia.

Front 21

mastoid process

Back 21

Round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear.

Front 22

medullary cavity

Back 22

Central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone.

Front 23

metaphysis

Back 23

The flared portion of a long bone, lying between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate (meta- means between).

Front 24

olecranon

Back 24

Large process on the proximal end of the ulna; the point of the flexed elbow.

Front 25

osseous tissue

Back 25

Bone tissue.

Front 26

ossification

Back 26

Process of bone formation.

Front 27

osteoblast

Back 27

bone cell that helps form bone tissue.

Front 28

osteoclast

Back 28

Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bone tissue.

Front 29

periosteum

Back 29

Membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue.

Front 30

phosphorus

Back 30

mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium.

Front 31

pubic symphysis

Back 31

Area of confluence (coming together) of the two pubic bones. They are joined (sym- means together, -physis means to grow)by a fibrocartilaginous disc.

Front 32

red bone marrow

Back 32

Found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis.

Front 33

ribs

Back 33

These 24 elongated, curved bones form the bony wall of the chest. True ribs are the first 7 pairs; false ribs are pairs 8-10; floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12.

Front 34

sinus

Back 34

Cavity within a bone.

Front 35

styloid process

Back 35

Pole-like process on the temporal bone.

Front 36

trabeculae

Back 36

Supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone.

Front 37

trochanter

Back 37

Large process below the neck of the femur; attachment site for muscles and tendons.

Front 38

tubercle

Back 38

Small, rounded process on a bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons.

Front 39

tuberosity

Back 39

Large, rounded process on a bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons.

Front 40

vertebra

Back 40

individual back bone composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, lamina, and neural canal.

Front 41

xiphoid process

Back 41

Lower, narrow portion of the sternum.

Front 42

yellow bone marrow

Back 42

Fatty tissue found in the diaphyses of long bones.

Front 43

calc/o

Back 43

calcium

Front 44

calci/o

Back 44

calcium

Front 45

kyph/o

Back 45

humpback (posterior curvature in the thoracic region)

Front 46

lamin/o

Back 46

lamina (part of the vertebral arch)

Front 47

lord/o

Back 47

curve, swayback (anterior curvature in the lumbar region)

Front 48

lumb/o

Back 48

loins, lower back

Front 49

myel/o

Back 49

bone marrow

Front 50

orth/o

Back 50

straight

Front 51

oste/o

Back 51

bone

Front 52

scoli/o

Back 52

crooked, bent (lateral curvature)

Front 53

spondyl/o

Back 53

vertebra (used to make words about conditions of the structure)

Front 54

vertebr/o

Back 54

vertebra (used to describe the structure)

Front 55

-blast

Back 55

embryonic or immature cell

Front 56

-clast

Back 56

to break

Front 57

-listhesis

Back 57

slipping

Front 58

-malacia

Back 58

softening

Front 59

-physis

Back 59

to grow

Front 60

-porosis

Back 60

pore, passage

Front 61

-tome

Back 61

instrument to cut

Front 62

acetabul/o

Back 62

acetabulum (hip socket)

Front 63

calcane/o

Back 63

calcaneus (heel bone)

Front 64

carp/o

Back 64

carpals (wrist bones)

Front 65

clavicul/o

Back 65

calvicle (collar bone)

Front 66

cost/o

Back 66

ribs (true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs)

Front 67

crani/o

Back 67

cranium (skull)

Front 68

femor/o

Back 68

femur (thigh bone)

Front 69

fibul/o

Back 69

fibula (smaller lower leg bone)

Front 70

humer/o

Back 70

humerus (upper arm bone)

Front 71

ili/o

Back 71

ilium (upper part of the pelvic bone)

Front 72

isch/o

Back 72

ischium (posterior part of the pelvic bone)

Front 73

mandibul/o

Back 73

mandible (lower jaw bone)

Front 74

maxill/o

Back 74

maxilla (upper jaw bone)

Front 75

metacarp/o

Back 75

metacarpals (hand bones)

Front 76

metatars/o

Back 76

metatarsals (foot bones)

Front 77

olecran/o

Back 77

olecranon (elbow)

Front 78

patell/o

Back 78

patella (kneecap)

Front 79

pelv/i

Back 79

pelvis (hip bone)

Front 80

perone/o

Back 80

fibula (smaller lower leg bone)

Front 81

phalang/o

Back 81

phalanges (finger bones)

Front 82

pub/o

Back 82

pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

Front 83

radi/o

Back 83

radius (lower arm bone - thumb side)

Front 84

scapul/o

Back 84

scapula (shoulder bone)

Front 85

stern/o

Back 85

sternum (breast bone)

Front 86

tars/o

Back 86

tarsals (bones of the hindfoot)

Front 87

tibi/o

Back 87

tibia (shin bone)

Front 88

uln/o

Back 88

ulna (lower arm bone - little finger side)

Front 89

Ewing sarcoma

Back 89

Malignant bone tumor.

Front 90

exostosis

Back 90

Bony growth arising from the surface of bone, such as osteochondromas and bunions.

Front 91

osteochondroma

Back 91

An exostosis composed of cartilage and bone usually found on the metaphyses of long bones near the epiphyseal plates.

Front 92

bunion

Back 92

A swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint near the base of the big toe and is accompanied by the build-up of soft tissue and underlying bone.

Front 93

fracture

Back 93

sudden breaking of bone

Front 94

Colles fracture

Back 94

occurs near the wrist joint at the lower end of the radius.

Front 95

comminuted fracture

Back 95

bone is splintered or crushed into several pieces. A simple fracture means that a bone breaks in only one place and is therefore not comminuted.

Front 96

compression fracture

Back 96

bone is compressed; often occurs in vertebrae.

Front 97

greenstick fracture

Back 97

bone is partially broken and partially bent on the opposite side, as when a green stick breaks; occurs in children.

Front 98

impacted fracture

Back 98

fracture in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other.

Front 99

osteogenic sarcoma

Back 99

Malignant tumor arising from bone (osteosarcoma). This is the most common type of malignant bone tumor.

Front 100

osteomalacia

Back 100

Softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone.

Front 101

osteomyelitis

Back 101

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection.

Front 102

osteoporosis

Back 102

Decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone.

Front 103

talipes

Back 103

Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus). Ex: talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot. In this congenital deformity, the patient cannot stand with the sole of the foot flat on the ground.

Front 104

articulation

Back 104

joint

Front 105

bursa (plural: bursae)

Back 105

Sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another.

Front 106

ligament

Back 106

Connective tissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint.

Front 107

suture joint

Back 107

Type of joint in which apposed surfaces are closely united.

Front 108

synovial cavity

Back 108

Space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane.

Front 109

synovial fluid

Back 109

Viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity.

Front 110

synovial joint

Back 110

A freely movable joint.

Front 111

synovial membrane

Back 111

Membrane lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid.

Front 112

tendon

Back 112

Connective tissue that binds muscles to bones.

Front 113

ankyl/o

Back 113

crooked, bent, stiff

Front 114

arthr/o

Back 114

joint

Front 115

articul/o

Back 115

joint

Front 116

burs/o

Back 116

bursa

Front 117

chondr/o

Back 117

cartilage

Front 118

ligament/o

Back 118

ligament

Front 119

rheumat/o

Back 119

watery flow

Front 120

synov/o

Back 120

synovial membrane

Front 121

ten/o

Back 121

tendon

Front 122

tendin/o

Back 122

tendon

Front 123

-desis

Back 123

to bind, tie together

Front 124

-stenosis

Back 124

narrowing

Front 125

arthritis

Back 125

inflammation of joints.

Front 126

ankylosing spondylitis

Back 126

Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine.

Front 127

gouty arthritis

Back 127

Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body.

Front 128

osteoarthritis

Back 128

Progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes or bone spurs) at articular surfaces.

Front 129

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 129

A chronic disease in which joints become inflamed and painful. It is believed to be caused by an immune (autoimmune) reaction against joint tissues, particularly against the synovial membrane.

Front 130

bunion

Back 130

Abnormal swelling of the medial aspect of the joint between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone.

Front 131

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

Back 131

Compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist (the carpal tunnel).

Front 132

dislocation

Back 132

Displacement of a bone from its joint.

Front 133

ganglion

Back 133

A fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist.

Front 134

herniation of an intervertebral disc (disk)

Back 134

Abnormal protrusion of a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc into the neural canal or spinal nerves.

Front 135

Lyme disease

Back 135

A recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia, malaise, and neurologic and cardiac symptoms.

Front 136

sprain

Back 136

Trauma to a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments.

Front 137

systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE)

Back 137

Chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs.

Front 138

abduction

Back 138

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Front 139

adduction

Back 139

Movement toward the midline of the body.

Front 140

dorsiflexion

Back 140

Backward (upward) bending of the foot.

Front 141

extension

Back 141

Straightening of a flexed limb.

Front 142

fascia

Back 142

Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles.

Front 143

flexion

Back 143

Bending

Front 144

insertion of a muscle

Back 144

Connection of the muscle to a bone that moves.

Front 145

origin of a muscle

Back 145

Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone.

Front 146

plantar flexion

Back 146

Bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground.

Front 147

pronation

Back 147

Turning the palm backward.

Front 148

rotation

Back 148

Circular movement around a central point.

Front 149

skeletal muscle

Back 149

Muscle connected to bones; voluntary or striated muscle.

Front 150

smooth muscle

Back 150

Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or visceral muscle.

Front 151

striated muscle

Back 151

skeletal muscle

Front 152

supination

Back 152

Turning the palm forward.

Front 153

visceral muscle

Back 153

smooth muscle

Front 154

fasci/o

Back 154

fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)

Front 155

fibr/o

Back 155

fibrous connective tissue

Front 156

leiomy/o

Back 156

smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs.

Front 157

my/o

Back 157

muscle

Front 158

myocardi/o

Back 158

heart muscle

Front 159

myos/o

Back 159

muscle

Front 160

plant/o

Back 160

sole of the foot

Front 161

rhabdomy/o

Back 161

skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones.

Front 162

-asthenia

Back 162

lack of strength

Front 163

-trophy

Back 163

development, nourishment

Front 164

ab-

Back 164

away from

Front 165

duct/o

Back 165

to lead

Front 166

ad-

Back 166

toward

Front 167

dorsi-

Back 167

back

Front 168

poly-

Back 168

many, much

Front 169

muscular dystrophy

Back 169

A group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system.

Front 170

polymyositis

Back 170

Chronic inflammatory myopathy.

Front 171

anitnuclear antibody test (ANA)

Back 171

A sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies that are found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Front 172

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Back 172

This test measures the rate at which erythrocytes fall to the bottom of a test tube. Elevated sedimentation rates are associated with inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Front 173

rheumatoid factor test

Back 173

A sample of blood is tested for the presence of the rheumatoid factor (an antibody found in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis).

Front 174

serum calcium (Ca)

Back 174

Measurement of the amount of calcium in blood (serum).

Front 175

serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

Back 175

Creatine phosphokinase is an enzyme normally present in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Elevated serum CPK levels are found in muscular dystrophy, myocardial infarction, and skeletal muscle disorders.

Front 176

serum phosphorus (P)

Back 176

Measurement of the amount of phosphorus in a sample of serum.

Front 177

uric acid test

Back 177

This test measures the amount of uric acid in a sample of blood. High values are associated with gouty arthritis.

Front 178

arthrocentesis

Back 178

Surgical puncture of the joint space with a needle. Synovial fluid is removed for analysis.

Front 179

arthrography

Back 179

Process of taking x-ray pictures of a joint after injection of opaque contrast material.

Front 180

arthroplasty

Back 180

Surgical repair of a joint.

Front 181

arthroscopy

Back 181

Visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope. Small surgical instruments are passed into the joint to remove and repair damaged tissue. Arthroscopy is used primarily to visualize the knee, ankle, and shoulder.

Front 182

bone scan

Back 182

A radioactive phosphate substance is injected intravenously, and uptake of the substance in bone is measured by a special scanning device. Areas that take up excessive amounts of radioactive substance may contain tumors, infection, inflammation, stress fractures or other destructive changes.

Front 183

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Back 183

X-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist, and a machine (an x-ray detector) measures how well the rays penetrate the bones. This is a test of bone density and is used to diagnose osteoporosis.

Front 184

electromyography (EMG)

Back 184

The process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation.

Front 185

muscle biopsy

Back 185

removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination.

Front 186

ACL

Back 186

anterior cruciate ligament

Front 187

ANA

Back 187

antinuclear antibody

Front 188

C1-C7

Back 188

cervical vertebrae

Front 189

Ca

Back 189

calcium

Front 190

CPK

Back 190

creatine phosphokinase

Front 191

CTS

Back 191

carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 192

DEXA

Back 192

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Front 193

DTR

Back 193

deep tendon reflexes

Front 194

EMG

Back 194

electromyography

Front 195

ESR

Back 195

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Front 196

IM

Back 196

intramuscular

Front 197

L1-L5

Back 197

lumbar vertebrae

Front 198

LE cell

Back 198

lupus erythmatosus cell

Front 199

Ortho.

Back 199

orthopedics

Front 200

P

Back 200

phosphorus

Front 201

RA

Back 201

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 202

RF

Back 202

rheumatoid factor

Front 203

ROM

Back 203

range of motion

Front 204

sed rate

Back 204

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Front 205

SLE

Back 205

systemic lupus erythematosus

Front 206

T1-T12

Back 206

thoracic vertebrae

Front 207

TMJ

Back 207

temporomandibular joint