Ch.2 (Cells) A&p Vocab

Front 1

movement of a chemical by the use of energy through a gradient, such as a cell membrane, in a concentration or electrical potential. this movement is opposite to the normal movement by diffusion

Back 1

active transport

Front 2

the major source of energy for all chemical reactions of the body

Back 2

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 3

a type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of fat

Back 3

adipose tissue

Front 4

the anterior surface at the bend of the elbow

Back 4

antecubital fossa

Front 5

are of the neck that is bordered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible

Back 5

anterior triangle

Front 6

a division of the skeletal system, which includes the extremities and their attachments to the body

Back 6

appendicular region

Front 7

a division of the skeletal system, which includes the head, neck and trunk

Back 7

axial region

Front 8

the armpit

Back 8

axilla

Front 9

a component of the nerve cell that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell body

Back 9

axon

Front 10

the noncellular layer in an epithelial cell that secures the overlying epithelial tissues

Back 10

basement membrane

Front 11

hollow areas within the body that contain organs and organ systems

Back 11

body cavities

Front 12

striated involuntary muscle that has the capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses

Back 12

cardiac muscle

Front 13

area of the anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular vein

Back 13

carotid triangle

Front 14

plates of shinny connective tissue that are lubricated by synovial fluid, which provides slippery surface over which the bones move freely

Back 14

cartilage

Front 15

a structure that surrounds protoplasm, consisting of fatty substances that separate one cell from its neighbors, also called the plasma membrane

Back 15

cell membrane

Front 16

made up of protoplasm or cytoplasm, specialized for particular functions, these are the building blocks of life

Back 16

cells

Front 17

organelles that are essential in cell division

Back 17

centrioles

Front 18

structures containing DNA within the cells nucleus. human cells contain 23 pairs

Back 18

chromosomes

Front 19

hair-like microtubule projections on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface

Back 19

cilia

Front 20

a fluid filled body cavity that contains organs and connective tissue

Back 20

coelom

Front 21

rows of tall, thin epithelial cells

Back 21

columnar

Front 22

the difference in concentrations of a substance on either side of a selectively permeable membrane

Back 22

concentration gradient

Front 23

the hollow portion of the skull

Back 23

cranial cavity

Front 24

shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis

Back 24

crenation

Front 25

rows of square shaped epithelial cells

Back 25

cuboidal

Front 26

a viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport, also called protoplasm

Back 26

cytoplasm

Front 27

a component of the nerve cell that receives electrical impulses and conducts them toward the cell body

Back 27

dendrite

Front 28

the genetic material found on the chromosomes in the cell's nucleus

Back 28

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Front 29

sweating

Back 29

diaphoresis

Front 30

movement of particles or solutes from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Back 30

diffusion

Front 31

the two sets of 23 chromosomes, one set donated by each parent, found in all cells, except sperm and ova cells, which only contain a total of 23 chromosomes

Back 31

diploid

Front 32

potentially life-threatening heart rhythm disturbances

Back 32

dysrhythmias

Front 33

salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (water). chemicals dissolved in the blood

Back 33

electrolytes

Front 34

negatively charged particles that are part of the make up of an atom

Back 34

electrons

Front 35

the smallest unit of a single chemical substance, such as hydrogen, oxygen or potassium

Back 35

element

Front 36

the uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within the cells protoplasm

Back 36

endocytosis

Front 37

a series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured

Back 37

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 38

the release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles

Back 38

exocytosis

Front 39

substances located outside of the cell membrane

Back 39

extracellular

Front 40

fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the body's supply of sodium is contained

Back 40

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Front 41

process where by a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas higher to lower concentrations

Back 41

facilitated diffusion

Front 42

a process of the movement of water out of plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space

Back 42

filtration

Front 43

a tail-like microtubule structure capable of motion to propel the cell

Back 43

flagellum

Front 44

areas in the infant's skull where the sutures between the skull bones have not yet closed

Back 44

fontanels

Front 45

bony structures that attach the limbs to the body

Back 45

girdles

Front 46

a set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins

Back 46

golgi complex

Front 47

the 23 chromosomes found in an ova or sperm cell

Back 47

haploid

Front 48

an abnormal accumulation of bloody fluid within the pleural cavity following trauma

Back 48

hemothorax

Front 49

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiologic environment

Back 49

homeostasis

Front 50

blood pressure in the vessel walls created by the heart beating pushes the water out of the capillary into the interstitial space

Back 50

hydrostatic pressure

Front 51

abnormal elevation of serum potassium levels

Back 51

hyperkalemia

Front 52

an abnormally high sodium level in the blood

Back 52

hypernatremia

Front 53

a diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in marked hyperglycemia but the absence of ketones and acidosis

Back 53

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC)

Front 54

a solution with an osmotic pressure greater than that of body fluid

Back 54

hypertonic

Front 55

low blood glucose concentrations resulting in symptoms such as rapid respirations; pale, moist skin, and dizziness

Back 55

hypoglycemia

Front 56

abnormally decreased potassium levels in the blood

Back 56

hypokalemia

Front 57

an abnormally low sodium level in the blood

Back 57

hyponatremia

Front 58

a solution with an osmotic pressure less than that of the body fluid

Back 58

hypotonic

Front 59

a state if decreased oxygenation

Back 59

hypoxia

Front 60

skin, covering the body surface

Back 60

integument

Front 61

substances found within the cell membrane

Back 61

intracellular

Front 62

fluid within the cells in which most of the body's supply of potassium is contained

Back 62

intracellular fluid (ICF)

Front 63

not normally under conscious control, as in muscle

Back 63

involuntary

Front 64

protein-lines pores or transport channels, specifically sized for each substance, which allow electrolyte movement among the cells

Back 64

ion channel

Front 65

a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as the cells and body fluids

Back 65

isotonic

Front 66

the point where two or more bones come together, allowing movement to occur

Back 66

joint

Front 67

a sequence of reactions in an organism in which oxidation of acids provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds, called tricarboxylic acid

Back 67

Kerbs cycle

Front 68

tough white bands of tissue that binds joints together, connecting bone and cartilage

Back 68

ligaments

Front 69

the double layer of fatty components that create the outside of the cell membrane

Back 69

lipid bilayer

Front 70

the process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis

Back 70

lysis

Front 71

membrane-bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes functioning as the cells digestive system

Back 71

lysosomes

Front 72

the space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, esophagus and large blood vessels

Back 72

mediastinum

Front 73

a specialized form of cell division that results in the production of mature sperm and ova

Back 73

meiosis

Front 74

hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of the cell

Back 74

microtubules

Front 75

small rod-like organelles that function as the metabolic center of the cell and produce ATP

Back 75

mitochondria

Front 76

the division of one cell into two genetically identical and equal daughter cells

Back 76

mitosis

Front 77

abnormal and persistent muscle spasms

Back 77

myoclonus

Front 78

collectively, the name for the connective tissue and supporting tissues of the nervous tissue

Back 78

neuroglia

Front 79

the main functional unit of the nervous system

Back 79

neuron

Front 80

uncharged particles that are part of the make up of an atom

Back 80

neutrons

Front 81

smooth muscle tissue is (type of muscle)

Back 81

non-striated

Front 82

the membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell

Back 82

nuclear envelope

Front 83

rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins

Back 83

nucleoli

Front 84

the nerve center, or central body of the cell, embedded within the cytoplasm

Back 84

nucleus

Front 85

an opposing pressure to osmotic pressure, it pulls water back into the capillary from the interstitial space in an effort to create balance

Back 85

oncotic force

Front 86

different types of tissue working together to perform a particular function

Back 86

organ

Front 87

the internal structures within a cell

Back 87

organelles

Front 88

any living thing considered as a whole, made up of various organ systems

Back 88

organism

Front 89

a group of organs that have a common purpose, such as skeleton and muscles, and others

Back 89

organ system

Front 90

the movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane

Back 90

osmosis

Front 91

the measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane

Back 91

osmotic pressure

Front 92

process in which oxygen is used chemically to produce energy from carbohydrates

Back 92

oxidative metabolism

Front 93

the portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities

Back 93

parietal portion

Front 94

the region around the heart

Back 94

pericardial cavity

Front 95

an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardium

Back 95

pericardial effusion

Front 96

the fluid filled potential space between the layers of the pericardium

Back 96

pericardial sac

Front 97

a condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restricts the hearts stroke volume

Back 97

pericardial tamponade

Front 98

the serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Back 98

pericardium

Front 99

the membrane that covers the the bones of the skull and all other bones

Back 99

periosteum

Front 100

the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body exiting between the vertebrae of the spine

Back 100

peripheral nerves

Front 101

an inflammation of the peritoneum

Back 101

peritonitis

Front 102

endocytosis involving solid particles

Back 102

phagocytosis

Front 103

endocytosis involving liquid

Back 103

pinocytosis

Front 104

serous membranes surrounding the lungs

Back 104

pleura

Front 105

the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura

Back 105

pleural cavity

Front 106

an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity

Back 106

pleural effusion

Front 107

the small amount of lubricating fluid that fills the the pleural cavity

Back 107

pleural fluid

Front 108

an abnormal accumulation of air within the pleural cavity

Back 108

pneumothorax

Front 109

the space behind the knee

Back 109

popliteal fossa

Front 110

area of the neck containing the lymph nodes, brachial plexus, spinal accessory nerve, subclavian artery

Back 110

posterior triangle

Front 111

positively charged particles that are part of the make up of an atom

Back 111

protons

Front 112

a viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium of intracellular support, also called cytoplasm

Back 112

protoplasm

Front 113

a single layer of epithelial tissue cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane, but do not reach the surface

Back 113

pseudostratified epithelium

Front 114

replacing dead cells with new cells on an ongoing basis

Back 114

remodeling

Front 115

the organs (pancreas, kidneys, and duodenum) and major blood vessels located toward the back

Back 115

retroperitoneal organs

Front 116

are located posterior to the parietal peritoneum

Back 116

retroperitoneal space

Front 117

nucleic acids that contain ribose and uracil as structural components and are associated with controlling cellular activities

Back 117

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Front 118

organelles that contain RNA and protein

Back 118

ribosomes

Front 119

allowing some but not all substances to pass through a membrane to keep homeostasis

Back 119

selective permeability

Front 120

a specialized form of thin connective tissue that is broken into two layers, the parietal and visceral portions

Back 120

serous membrane

Front 121

the number of osmotically active particles in serum

Back 121

serum osmolality

Front 122

a single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane

Back 122

simple epithelium

Front 123

striated voluntary muscle used to move the body parts

Back 123

skeletal muscle

Front 124

forms the foundation and frame of the body

Back 124

skeletal system

Front 125

the protective vault that houses the brain, composed of facial bones and cranium

Back 125

skull

Front 126

nonstriated involuntary muscle found in vessel walls, glands and GI tracts

Back 126

smooth muscle

Front 127

a mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells

Back 127

sodium-potassium exchange pump

Front 128

particles, such as salts, that are dissolved in a solvent

Back 128

solutes

Front 129

the spinal column or vertebral canal, housing the spinal cord

Back 129

spinal cavity

Front 130

microtubules radiating from the centrioles

Back 130

spindle fibers

Front 131

flat sheets of epithelial cells

Back 131

squamous

Front 132

more than one layer of cells, only one of which is in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell

Back 132

stratified epithelium

Front 133

muscle tissue that has microscopic bands and may be either voluntary, such as leg muscles, or involuntary such as cardiac

Back 133

striated

Front 134

lubricating fluid found in joints

Back 134

synovial fluid

Front 135

a rapid pulse rate

Back 135

tachycardia

Front 136

a rapid respiratory rate

Back 136

tachypnea

Front 137

tough cords or bands of dense white fibrous connective tissue that are continuos with the periosteum of the bone

Back 137

tendons

Front 138

group of similar cells that work together

Back 138

tissue

Front 139

layers of stratified cells that change shape from cuboidal to squamous when the organ is stretched

Back 139

transitional epithelium

Front 140

the navel

Back 140

umbilicus

Front 141

the backbone, composed of vertebrae, through which the spinal cords travel

Back 141

vertebral column

Front 142

the portion of the serous membrane that covers the outside of an internal organ

Back 142

visceral portion

Front 143

consciously controlled, as in skeletal muscle tissue

Back 143

voluntary