Ch 6 Bones

Front 1

5 functions of bones

Back 1

Support

Storage of minerals and lipids

blood cell production

Protection

Leverage

Front 2

Structural classifications of bones

Back 2

sutural

irregular

short

flat

long

sesamoid

Front 3

example of sutural bone

Back 3

found between plat bones of skull

Front 4

irregular bone example

Back 4

vertebrae

pelvis

bones in skull

Front 5

short bone example

Back 5

carpal/ankle bones

Front 6

flat bone example

Back 6

skull bones

sternum

ribs

scapulae

Front 7

example of long bones

Back 7

antebrachial

brachial

femur

digits

Front 8

example of sesamoid bone

Back 8

patella

located in joints

Front 9

Function of pariosteum

Back 9

-membrane that covers outside of bones.

-bone growth/repair

-route for blood vessels/nerves

-isolate bone from surrounding tissue

Front 10

Function of endosteum

Back 10

-active during bone growth/repair

-covers spongy bone

-incomplete layer lines medullary cavity

Front 11

Function of articular cartilage

Back 11

prevent damaging in joints from bone to bone contact

Front 12

Describe perforating fibers

Back 12

fibers that become incorporated in bone tissue

increase strength

Front 13

Describe epihpysis

Back 13

wide part (end)

Mostly Spongy Bone

Front 14

Describe diaphysis

Back 14

(shaft)

wall of compact bone

central space

contains medullary cavity (marrow)

Front 15

Describe metaphysis

Back 15

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

Front 16

desceibe medullary cavity

Back 16

where bone marrow is made

Front 17

Locations and function of red bone marrow.

Back 17

-between trabeculae

-forms red blood cells

-contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to osteocytes by diffusion

Front 18

Desceibe yellow bone marrow

Back 18

found in spongy bone marrow

stores fat

Front 19

Differences in spongey and compact bone.

Back 19

Sponge :

-No osteons

-Red/yellow marrow production

-matrix forms an open network of trabeculae-Red/yellow marrow productionCompact: -has osteons-has central canal-has perforating canals-has lamellae

Compact:

-has osteons

-has central canal

-has perforating canals

-has lamellae

Front 20

Where would you find spongey bone

Back 20

Mostly in Epiphysis and center of bone

Front 21

Where would you find compact bone?

Back 21

Mostly in diaphysis and in bone wall

Front 22

Describe mesenchymal cells

Back 22

divide to produce osteoblasts

assist in fracture repair

Front 23

Define Osteogenesis

Back 23

Formation of bone

immature cells produce new bone

Front 24

Define ossificiation

Back 24

turning into bone or tissue

Front 25

Define Calcification

Back 25

Hardening of tissue

Front 26

Describe intramembranous ossification

Back 26

-dermal ossification

-produce dermal bones like mandible or clavicle

-5 step process

Front 27

Describe endochondral ossification

Back 27

-how most bones form

-primary ossification center

-develops inside hyaline cartilage

Front 28

Describe appositional enochondral. one growth

Back 28

-growth in width of bone

-layers of circumferential lamellae at outer surface.

-deepest layers become replaced by osteons

-osteoclasts slowly remove bone matrix at inner surface of bone, enlarging medullary cavity.

Front 29

Does bone have a good blood supply?

Back 29

Yes, highly vascular

Front 30

Functions of bone remodeling

Back 30

-recycling and renewing bone matrix

-involves osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

Front 31

Are bones removed faster than replaced?

Back 31

yes

Front 32

Vitamin D importance

Back 32

Use for cholecalciferol.

Calcium

Front 33

Vitamin C importance bone

Back 33

Stimulate osteoblasts differentiation

Front 34

Vitamin A importance to Bone

Back 34

stimulate osteoblasts activity

Front 35

Vitamin K and B12 importance

Back 35

Required for synthesis of bone proteins.

Front 36

what effect does mechanical stress have on bone growth?

Back 36

Increases strength (osteoblasts)

Front 37

what are fontanels?

Back 37

space between fetal skull bone

ossification is not complete.

Front 38

How is an infant skull different than an adult?

Back 38

No teeth

Fontanels instead of sutures

Front 39

Differences in Male and female bone

Back 39

Male: Rougher appearance

10% larger granium

More sloping forehead

Larger Sinus

Larger Larger Teeth

Larger mandible

Larger ribcage

Larger collarbones

Front 40

Define Wormian Bones

Back 40

small, flat bones found between the flat bones of the skull.

Front 41

Describe sinus

Back 41

Chamber within bone normally filled with air. Frontal and sphenoid sinus.

Front 42

what forms has articulation?

Back 42

the joints of bone forming the skeleton

Front 43

Describe Intervertebral Foramen

Back 43

Gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae

For nerve connections to spinal cord

Front 44

Describe vertebral Foramen

Back 44

-Encloses the spinal cord

-Formed by vertebral framina of successive vertebrae.

Front 45

Describe the atlas vertebrae

Back 45

-articulates with occipital of skull

-has no body or spinous process

-has large anterior and posterior foramen

Front 46

Describe axis

Back 46

-articulates with the atlas

-has heavy spinous process to attach muscles of head and neck

Front 47

Do bodies of axis and atlas fuse during development to form dens?

Back 47

Yes

Front 48

what is the only bone that dosent articulate with another bone?

Back 48

Hyoid

Front 49

what are the 2 structural features seen in cervical vertebrae and not in other vertebrae?

Back 49

Bifida Spinosus Process

No spinous process

Front 50

Hiw many phalanges in the hand?

Back 50

14

Front 51

Location and function of calcaneus

Back 51

-Transfers weight from Talus to ground

-Heel bone

Front 52

Location and function of tarsus

Back 52

-transfers weight from tibia across trochlea

-ankle bone

Front 53

Describe acetabelum

Back 53

spot for head of femur to rest in hip bone. Articulation spot.

Front 54

location and function of doves capitis

Back 54

-tip of femur head for ligament insert

Front 55

Function of sella turcica

Back 55

holds pituitary gland

Front 56

Location and function of carotid canal.

Back 56

passageway in temporal bone for carotid artery.

Front 57

Function and location of jugular foramen.

Back 57

passageway between temporal and occipital for jugular vein.

Front 58

Location and function of foramen ovale.

Back 58

hole in septum to shunt oxygenated blood from right to left atria.

Front 59

Location and function of foramen rotundum.

Back 59

At base of sphenoid greater wing.

provides connection between the middle cranial for a and pterygopalatine fossa.

Front 60

Location and function of foramen spinosum.

Back 60

Several nerves pass through.

Front 61

Location and function of foramen lacerum.

Back 61

Nerve if pterygoid canal and smoke drainage pass through.

Front 62

Function of a joint

Back 62

where 2 bones meet

where body movements occur

Front 63

Define Synarthrosis

Back 63

immovable joint

Front 64

Define apmphiarthrosis

Back 64

slightly movable joint

Front 65

define diarthrosis

Back 65

freely movable joint

Front 66

Example of suture

Back 66

between skull bones

Front 67

Example of gomphosis

Back 67

binds teeth to bony sockets

Front 68

Example of synchondrosis

Back 68

rigid cartilage between 2 bones

Front 69

example of synotosis

Back 69

2 bones fuse

metopic suture of frontal bone

Front 70

What is syndesmosis?

Back 70

bones connected by a ligament

Front 71

what is symphysis?

Back 71

bones connected by fibrocartilage.

Front 72

Function of synovial fluid.

Back 72

lubrication

nutrient distribution

shock absorption

Front 73

Define meniscus.

Back 73

Fibrocartilage pad between bones

Front 74

Define bursa.

Back 74

small pockets of synovial fluid.

Front 75

what is circumduction?

Back 75

a complete circular movement without rotation.

Front 76

what is rotation?

Back 76

referance to anatomical position.

Front 77

Define medial rotation.

Back 77

internal rotation towards long axis

Front 78

Define lateral rotation.

Back 78

external rotation away from body

Front 79

Define gliding

Back 79

when two flat surfaces slide past each other.

Front 80

Define flexion

Back 80

decreases angle between articulating bones.

Front 81

Define extension

Back 81

increases angle between articulating bones.

Front 82

Define abduction

Back 82

Move away from longitudinal axis

Front 83

Define adduction.

Back 83

movement toward longitudinal axis.

Front 84

Define pronation

Back 84

rotates forearm

Front 85

Define supination

Back 85

turns palm anteriorly forearm is supinated.

Front 86

Define inversion.

Back 86

twists sole of foot medially

Front 87

Define eversion

Back 87

twists sole of foot laterally

Front 88

Define dorsiflexion.

Back 88

flexion at ankle (lifting toes)

Front 89

Define plantar flexion.

Back 89

extension at ankle (pointing toes)

Front 90

Define protraction

Back 90

anterior movement in horizontal plane (forward)

Front 91

Define retraction

Back 91

opposite of protraction (pulling back)

Front 92

Define elevation

Back 92

moving a structure superiorly (up)

Front 93

Define depression.

Back 93

moving structure inferiorly (down)

Front 94

Define lateral flexion

Back 94

bending vertebral column to both sides.

Front 95

Function of intervertebral disk

Back 95

separates vertebral bodies

Front 96

what happens when a disk is herniated?

Back 96

compresses spinal nerves

Front 97

Describe motion of Hinge

Back 97

Flexion/Extension

Front 98

Describe motion of pivot

Back 98

rotation of one bone around another

Front 99

Describe motion of Ball and socket

Back 99

Alot of motions

Front 100

Describe saddle motion

Back 100

thumb, thumb movements

Front 101

Describe condyloid motion

Back 101

alot

Front 102

Describe gliding motion

Back 102

Gliding movements

Front 103

Describe joint types in elbows

Back 103

hinge

humero-ulnar

Humeroradial