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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SKELETAL CARTILAGES |
1. CONTAIN NO BLOOD VESSELS OR NERVES 2. Dense connective tissue girdle of perichondrium contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage |
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TYPES OF SKELETAL CARTILAGES |
1. Hyaline cartilages 2. Elastic cartilages 3. Fibrocartilages |
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HYALINE CARTILAGES |
-provide support, flexibility, and resilience -MOST ABUNDANT TYPE |
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ELASTIC CARTILAGES |
-Similar to hyaline cartilages, but contain elastic fibers |
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FIBROCARTILAGES |
-Contain collage fibers (have great tensile strength) |
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STAGES OF CARTILAGE GROWTH |
1. Appositional 2. Interstitial |
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Calcification of cartilage occurs during... |
normal bone growth & old age |
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APPOSITIONAL |
Cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage |
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INTERSTITIAL |
Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within |
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TWO MAIN GROUPS OF SKELETAL BONE |
1. Axial Skeleton (brown) 2. Appendicular skeleton (yellow) |
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BY SHAPE: LONG BONE |
Longer than they are wide |
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BY SHAPE: SHORT BONES |
-Cube shaped bones (in wrist and ankels) -Sesamoid bones (patella) |
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONE BY SHAPE: FLAT BONE |
-Thin, flat, slightly curved examples: cranium, ilium, sternum |
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IRREGULAR BONES |
-complicated shapes |
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FUNCTION OF BONES |
Support Protection Movement Storage Blood cell formation |
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SITES OF MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT: TUBEROSITY |
round projection |
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SITES OF MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT: CREST |
Narrow, prominent ridge |
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SITES OF MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT: TROCHANTER |
Large, blunt, irregular surface |
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SITES OF MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT: TUBERCLE |
Small rounded projection |
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SITES OF MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT: EPICONDYLE |
Raised area above a condyle |
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SITES OF MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT: SPINE |
Sharp, slender projection |
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SITES OF MUSCLE AND LIGAMENT ATTACHMENT: PROCESS |
Any bony prominence |
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PROJECTIONS THAT HELP FORM JOINTS: HEAD |
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck |
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PROJECTIONS THAT HELP FORM JOINTS: FACET |
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface |
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PROJECTIONS THAT HELP FORM JOINTS: CONDYLE |
Rounded articular projection |
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PROJECTIONS THAT HELP FORM JOINTS: RAMUS |
Arm-like bar |
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DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS: MEATUS |
Canal-like passageway |
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DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS: SINUS |
Cavity within a bone |
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DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS: FOSSA |
Shallow, basin-like depression |
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DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS: GROOVE |
Furrow |
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DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS: FISSURE |
Narrow, slit-like opening |
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DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS: FORAMEN |
Round or oval opening through a bone |
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TYPES OF BONE TEXTURE |
1. Compact bone 2. Spongy bone |
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COMPACT BONE |
DENSE OUTER LAYER |
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SPONGY (CANCELLOUS BONE) |
HONEYCOMB OF TRABECULAE |
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STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE: DIAPHYSIS (SHAFT) |
1. Compact bone collar surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity 2. Medullary cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow) |
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STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE: EPIPHYSES |
1. Expanded ends 2. Spongy bone interior 3. Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate) 4. Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces |
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MEMBRANES OF BONE: PERIOSTEUM |
1. outer fibrous layer 2. inner osteogenic layer 3. Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina 4. Secured to underlying bone by SHARPEY'S FIBERS |
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INNER OSTEOGENIC LAYER OF PERIOSTEUM |
1. osteoblasts 2. osteoclasts 3. osteogenic cells |
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OSTEOBLASTS |
bone forming cells |
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OSTEOCLASTS |
bone destroying cells |
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OSTEOGENIC CELLS |
steam cells |
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ENDOSTEUM |
1. Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone 2. Also contains OSETOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS |
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STRUCTURE OF SHORT, FLAT, AND IRREGULAR BONES |
1. Periosteum covered compact bone on the outside 2. Endosteum covered spongy bone within 3. Spongy bone called DIPLOE in flat bones |
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ANATOMY OF COMPACT BONE: LAMELLAE |
Weight-baring Column-like matrix tubes |
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ANATOMY OF COMPACT BONE: CENTRAL (HAVERSIAN) CANAL |
Contains blood vessels and nerves |
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ANATOMY OF COMPACT BONE: PERFORATING (VOLKMANN'S) CANAL |
At right angles to the central canal
Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal |
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ANATOMY OF COMPACT BONE: LACUNAE |
Small cavities that contain osteocytes |
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ANATOMY OF COMPACT BONE: CANALICULI |
Hair-like canals that connect laccunae to each other and the central canal |
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ANATOMY OF A COMPACT BONE: TRABECULAE |
Align along lines of stress No osteons Contain irregular arranged lammelae, osteocytes, and canaliculi Capillaries inbendosteum supply nutrients |
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BONE: ORGANIC |
Osteogenic cells (stem cells), osteoblasts, osteocytes (mature bone cells), osteoclasts Osteoid (bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts) Proteoglycans, glycoprotiens Collagen fibers |
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BONE: INORGANIC |
Hydroxypatites- 65% of bone by mass. Mainly calcium phophayr crystals. Responsible for hardness and resistence to compression |
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TWO TYPES OF OSSIFICATION: INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION |
Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane Forms flat bones |
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TWO TYPES OF OSSIFICATION: ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION |
Cartilage bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage Forms most of the redt of the skeleton |
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BONE RESORPTION: OSTEOCLAST SECRETES... |
Lysosomal enzymes (digest organic matrix) Acids (convert calcium salts to soluble forms) |
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CALCIUM IS NECESSARY FOR: |
1. Transmission of nerve impulses 2. Muscle contraction 3. Blood coagulation 4. Secretion by glands and nerve cells 5. Cell division |
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WOLFF'S LAW |
A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed on it |
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STAGES OF HEALING FROM FRACTURES: HEMATOMA FORMS |
1. Torn blood vessels hemorrhage 2. Clot (hematoma) forms 3. Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflammed |
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STAGES OF HEALING BONE FRACTURE: FIBROCARTILAGINOUS CALLUS FORMS |
1. Phagocytic cells clear debris 2. Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone within 1 week 3. Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends 4. Mass of repair tissue now called fibrocartilaginous callus |
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STAGES OF HEALING BONE FRACTURE: BONY CALLUS FORMATION |
1. New trabrculae form a bony (hard) callus 2. Bony callus formation continous until firm union is formed |
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STAGES OF HEALING BONE FRACTURE: BONE REMODELING |
1. In response to mechanical stressors over several months 2. Final structure resembles original |
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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE: OSTEOPOROSIS |
1. Loss of bone mass-bone RESORPTION outplaces DEPOSIT 2. spongy bone of spine and the neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture 3. Risk factors: lack of estrogen, calcium or vit. D deficiency, petite body form, immobility |
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PAGET'S DISEASE |
Excessive bone formation and breakdown Pagetic bone has a very high spongy to compact ratio |
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HORMONAL CONTROL OF CALCIUM |
May be affected to a lesser extent by CALCITONIN |
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AS BLOOD CALCIUM RISES |
PARAFLLICALR cells of THYROID release CALCITONIN |
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PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OF THYROID RELEASE CALCITONIN |
causes osteoblasts deposit calcium salts |
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OSTEOBLASTS DEPOSIT CALCIUM SALTS |
causes blood calcium levels to lower |
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LOW BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS... |
parathyroid gland releases PTH |
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PARATHYROID GLAND RELEASES PTH |
PTH stimulates OSTEOCLASTS to degrade bone matrix and release calcium |
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PTH STIMULATES OSTEOCLASTS TO DEGRADE BONE MATRIX AND RELEASE CALCIUM |
blood calcium levels lower |
