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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of Bone and Skeletal Tissue |
support covering and protection movement and leverage storage |
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Minerals Stored in Bones and Skeletal Tissue |
calcium phosphate (for ATP) |
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Fat Stored in Bones and Skeletal Tissue |
yellow marrow |
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Heavy Metal Toxins Stored in Bones and Skeletal Tissue |
lead mercury *storing them here keeps these toxins away from nervous tissue This is a good thing! |
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Hematopoesis |
formation of blood cells (RBC, WBC, Platelets) red marrow |
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Compact Vs. Spongy Bones |
Compact: Solid Spongy: Beams (Lots of spaces) |
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Long Bone Examples |
Humerus, Femur |
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Short Bone Examples |
Wrist, Ankle |
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Flat Bone Examples |
Sternum, Ribs, Top of Skull |
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Irregular Bones |
Usually a combo and short and flat Ex. vertebra, temporal bone |
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What the Skeleton is Made Out of |
Bone and Cartilage |
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Axial "Axis" Region |
Skull, Spine, Ribs, Sternum Main axis of body |
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Appendicular "Appendages" Region |
Hips, Legs, Arms "Added On" |
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Osteogenic Cells |
Stem |
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Osteoblast Cells |
Make Bone Haversian System Look like tree trunks |
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Osteocyte Cells |
In Mature Bone In spaces called Lacunae |
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Osteoclast Cells |
Breaks down bone tissue Large, multinucleate |
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Diaphysis |
Long Bones Shaft Tube of Compact Bone Medullary Cavity with Yellow Marrow |
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Epiphyses |
Long Bones Ends (Proximal and Distal) Superficially is Compact Bone Deep is Spongy Bone |
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Epiphyseal Line |
Remnant of Epiphyseal Plate (Metaphysis) Growth Plate |
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Articular Cartilage |
Hyaline Cartilage Joint Cartilage |
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Connective Tissue Membranes |
Made of Dense Irregular C.T. (Collagen) Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers Periosteum and Endosteum |
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Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers |
C.T. Membrane Connects to Bone |
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Periosteum Vs. Endosteum |
Periosteum: Outside C.T. Membrane Endosteum: Inside C.T. Membrane |
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Flat, Short, Irregular Bone Structure |
Superficially is Compact Deep is Spongy Same Membranes (Periosteum and Endosteum) |
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Red Marrow |
Mostly in Short and Flat Bones Hematopoesis Found in Axial Skeleton and Proximal Appendicular Skeleton What you get during Bone Marrow Transplant |
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Compact Bone |
Osteons Other Lamellae |
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Lacunae |
Connected Via Canaliculi |
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Canaliculi |
Through layers called lamellae |
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Lamellae |
Surround Central Candais |
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Central Candais |
With blood vessels, connect via perforating canals to bone surface |
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Circumferential Lamellae |
Outer Surface of Bone |
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Interstitial Lamellae |
Between Osteons |
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Spongy Bone |
No osteons Made up of trabeculae "beams" of bone -Usually 2 osteocytes thick -Make bone lighter while maintaining strength |
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Organic Matrix |
Carbon Based Collagen Fibers mostly (run in diff. directions) GAGs Strength: Tensile-Collagen Osteoid: laid down (made) 1st by Osteoblasts |
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Inorganic Matrix |
Made of Calcium Salts ex. Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Hydroyapatite Strength: Compression |
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Enddochondral Ossification |
"within cartilage bone formation" (long and short and some irregular) |
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Hyaline Cartilage Model |
growth changes occur at 3rd month of development |
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Primary Ossification Center |
Periosteal bud invades cavities forming -Contains osteoblasts and blood vessels -bone laid down is spongy bone -diaphysis eventually hollowed out (medullary cavity) |
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Secondary Ossification Center |
Periosteal buds invades epiphyses Around time of birth |
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Intramembranous Ossification |
"inside membrane bone formation" (flat bones and parts of irregular) start with fibrous membranes (dense irregular C.T.) within membrane, osteoblasts develop and make bone forms ossification center osteoid organic matrix (collagen) laid down first spongy bone |
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Intrmembranous Ossification at Edge of Membrane |
osteoblastic layer develops laid down compact bone |
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Bone Growth in Length, Long Bones |
Metaphysis/Growth Plate -Cartilage grows towards epiphysis -Cartilage taken over by bone on diaphysial side Process continues until end of adolescence -Puberty: Increase in sex hormones -Stimulates cartilage and bone growth -Eventually bone overtakes cartilage, growth stops |
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Appositional Growth for All Bones |
"wider/larger" Compact bone tissue added outside Compact tissue reabsorbed inside Spongy bone added inside |
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Hormones Involved in Bone Growth |
Growth hormone: Pituitary Gland Sex hormones: testosterone and estrogen Thyroid: metabolism |
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Bone Remodeling |
Bone is living tissue that is constantly remodeling |
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Osteoblast Vs. Osteoclast Activity |
Bone forming cells Vs. Bone breakdown cells |
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Remodeling Control |
Body's need for calcium in blood Stresses put on bone Hormones important in remodeling |
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Body's Need for Calcium in Blood |
many uses for Calcium (nerve signaling, muscle contraction, blood clotting) not enough Calcium in blood=Calcium taken from bone |
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Stresses Put on Bone |
Wolff's Law: Bone is deposited in response to stress on bones Fat people and muscular people have stronger bones Muscle attachments make projections=processes on bones |
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Hormones Important in Remodeling |
Sex Hormones: girls=hips flatten, wider; growth spurt in boys and girls Growth Hormones: stronger bones and muscles |
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Factors that Decline with Aging that Contribute to Osteoporosis |
Decrease in Growth Hormones
Decrease in Sex Hormones Decrease in Exercise (Stress on Bones) |
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Why are women more likely to develop Osteoporosis? |
Large decrease in the Sex Hormones during Menopause |
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How to Reduce Risk of Osteoporosis |
Exercise, Calcium rich diet *Especially important to build up bone mass when young |
