Ch. 17, 18, & 19 Patient Care Pp

Front 1

diseases

Back 1

Deviations from or interruptions of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system of the body that are exhibited by characteristic set of symptoms and signs

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Microorganism

Back 2

Microscopic organisms, those of medical interests include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

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Infection

Back 3

Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissue that may be clinically inapparent or may result in local cellular injury as a result of competitive metabolism, toxin, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response

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Pathogens

Back 4

Disease producing microorganisms. Most often ____ have the ability to do one of three functions extremely well.

1. Multiply in large numbers and cause obstructions.2. Cause tissue damage.3. Secrete organic substances called exotoxins

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Exotoxins

Back 5

Can produce certain side effects such as an extremely high body temperature, nausea, vomiting, or shock

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Bacteria

Back 6

Prokaryotic, ubiquitous, single-celled organisms

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Prokaryotes

Back 7

Cellular organisms that lack a true nucleus

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Eukaryotes

Back 8

Organisms whose cells have a true nucleus

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Viruses

Back 9

Any group of minute infectious agents not resolved in the light microscope, and characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and by the ability to replicate only within living host cells

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Virion

Back 10

Complete viral particle found extracellularly and capable of surviving in crystalline form and infecting a living cell; comprises the nucleoid and the capsid; also called viral particle

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Fungi

Back 11

General term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protist - including mushrooms, yeast, rust, molds, and smuts - latter characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall

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Dimorphic

Back 12

Occurring in two distinct forms, either as a single-celled yeast or as mold

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Protozoa

Back 13

Subkingdom comprising the simplest organisms of the animal kingdom, consisting of unicellular organisms that range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Most are free-living, but some lead commensalistic, mutualistic, or parasitic existences

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Six steps in the establishment of infectious disease

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Encounter.

Entry.

Spread.

Multiplication.

Damaged.

Outcome.

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Encounter

Back 15

The first step in the establishment of infectious disease.Involves the Infectious organisms coming into contact with the host

Involves the Infectious organisms coming into contact with the host

Involves the Infectious organisms coming into contact with the host

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Entry

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Second step in establishment of infectious disease

Much of the body is in contact with the external environment. And infectious microbe can gain entrance into the human body by either ingestion or penetration

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Spread

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Third step in the establishment of infectious disease

The breeding of the Infectious organism, which can take place before or after multiplication

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Multiplication

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Fourth step in the establishment of infectious disease

The number of microbes that gain entrance into the host is usually much too small to cause the symptoms of a disease. They must multiply for their impact to be recognized

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Damage

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Fifth step in the establishment of infectious disease

Infectious agents can ___ the host in numerous ways. This can either be direct or indirect

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Outcome

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6th and last step to the establishment of infectious disease

An encounter with an infectious agent can result in one of three of these..

1. The host gains control of the infection and eliminates it.

2. The infection overcomes the host immunities to cause disease.

3. The hosts and infectious agent compromise and live in a state of symbiosis

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Host

Back 21

Animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

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Infectious microorganism

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Include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

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Mode of transmission

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Microorganisms can be transmitted through either direct or indirect host-to-host contact

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Vector

Back 24

Carrier, especially an animal, that transfers and infective agent from one host to another

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Fomite

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Object, that is not in itself harmful but is able to harbor pathogenic microorganisms and thus may serve as an agent of transmission of an infection

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Reservoir

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Alternate or passive host or carrier that harbors pathogenic organisms, without injury to itself, and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected

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Health Care-Associated Infections

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(HAIs)

Infections that patients acquire while they are receiving treatment for another healthcare issue

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Nosocomial

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Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present before admittance to the hospital

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Latrogenic

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Resulting from the activities of Physicians

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Compromised patients

Back 30

Many patients have weakened resistance to infectious organisms because of they're admitting illness. AKA immunosuppressed

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Bloodborne pathogens

Back 31

Disease-causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood

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Constitutive defenses of the body

Back 32

Mechanical.

Chemical.

Cellular

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Flora

Back 33

Microbial Community found on or in a healthy person

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Chemotherapy

Back 34

Treatment of disease by chemical agents

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Immunization

Back 35

The use of vaccine to induce active immunity

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Vaccine

Back 36

Suspension of killed microorganisms administered for the prevention, Improvement, or treatment of infectious disease

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Immunity

Back 37

Security against a particular disease

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Asepsis

Back 38

Freedom from infection

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Surgical asepsis

Back 39

Procedure used to prevent contamination by microbes and endospores before, during, or after surgery using sterile technique

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Sterilization

Back 40

Complete destruction or elimination of all living microorganisms, accomplished by physical methods (dry or moist heat), chemical agents (alcohol), radiation (ultraviolet, cathode), or mechanical methods (filtration)

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Medical asepsis

Back 41

Reduction in numbers of infectious agents, which, in turn, decrease the probability of infection but does not necessarily reduce it to zero

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Disinfectants

Back 42

Chemicals used to free an environment from pathogenic organisms or to render such organisms inert, especially as applied to the treatment of inanimate materials to reduce or eliminate infectious organisms

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Autoclave

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Device that uses steam under Pressure to create moist heat

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Standard precautions

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Precautions to prevent the transmission of disease by body fluids and substances.

Includes

hand washing.

Gloving.

Personal protective equipment.

Needle recapping.

Bio spills

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Transmission-based precautions

Back 45

Applied whenever a patient is infected with a pathogenic organism or a contagious disease

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Airborne precautions

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Patient should be in a negative pressure isolation room with the door closed. If the patient must be moved they should wear a mask that filters expired are. The health care worker should wear a mask that filters inspired air

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Airborne pathogens

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Pathogenic organisms that remain suspended in the air for long periods.

Tuberculosis

Vercella (chicken pox)

Rubeola (measles)

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Droplet precautions

Back 48

Patient should be placed in a private room or with another patient who has the same disease and the door can remain open. If the patient must be moved they should wear a mask. Health care workers should also wear a mask when interacting with these patients

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Droplet pathogens

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Pathogenic organisms that typically travel 3 ft before dropping to the ground.

Rubella.

Mumps.

Influenza.

Adenovirus.

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Contact precautions

Back 50

Must be used when caring for a patient with a severe or harmful pathogen that spreads by direct contact or by indirect contact with a contaminated object. Patient should be placed any private room or with another patient who has the same disease. When these patients are transported to the radiology department, Department should be notified before receiving the patient.

MRSA.

Hepatitis A.

Impetigo.

Vercella.

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MRSA.

Hepatitis A.

impetigo.

Varicella.

Back 51

conditions requiring contact precautions

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Neutropenic precautions

Back 52

AKA reverse isolation, meaning precautions take to protect a patient from germs that staff or visitors could be caring. This is applied to a patient with a compromised immune system, such as those on chemotherapy or a burn victim

Hint 52

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Aseptic

Back 53

Describes a product or method that is free of microbiological organisms

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Microorganisms

Back 54

Microscopic organisms, those of medical interests include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

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Sanitize vs. Disinfect

Back 55

Means to eliminate microorganisms to a safe level vs. Removing most microorganisms but not highly resistant ones

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Surgical asepsis vs. Medical asepsis

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Is the creation of a sterile environment versus the creation of a clean environment

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Sterile

Back 57

Aseptic, free of living microorganisms

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Contaminated

Back 58

Presence or the reasonably and anticipated presence of blood or other potentially infectious materials on a item or surface

Front 59

Myelography

Back 59

X-ray examination of the spinal canal, a contrast agent is injected through a needle into the space around the spinal canal, and nerve roots on the X-ray. The purpose of this is to evaluate the spinal cord and / or nerve roots for suspected compression

Hint 59

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Arthrography

Back 60

Examination of a joint using x-ray after the injection of opaque contrast material

Hint 60

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Angiography

Back 61

Radiographic procedure used to visualize blood vessels after the introduction of contrast media

Hint 61

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dressing changes

Back 62

The Physician is responsible for ordering these. Dressings are best changed in a team setting with another healthcare worker

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Purulent

Back 63

Consisting of or containing pus

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Tracheostomy

Back 64

Surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, used to insert a tube to relieve upper Airway obstruction and facilitate ventilation

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Manual Resuscitator (Ambu Bag)

Back 65

A handheld device commonly used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not breathing or not breathing adequately

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Suction

Back 66

To minimize the possibility of infection a tracheostomy must be suctioned often to remove secretions

Sterile procedure

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Foley catheter

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Sterile procedure

Indwelling catheter retained in the bladder by a balloon inflated with air or fluid. Urinary catheters are used to

Empty the bladder.

Relieve retention of urine or bypass obstruction.

Irrigate the bladder or introduced drugs.

Permit accurate measuring of urine output.

Relieve incontinence

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voiding cystourethrogram

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Radiographic procedure obtained by the use of fluoroscopy and a contrast agent introduced through a catheter in the bladder. Images are obtained before, during, and after voiding the bladder, urethra, and kidneys

Sterile procedure

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Lithotomy position

Back 69

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Voiding cystourethrogram x-ray

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Swan-Ganz

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Sterile procedure

Catheter provides right heart diagnostic information to rapidly determine hemodynamic pressures, cardiac output, and mixed venous blood sampling. AKA as a Palmieri artery catheter (PAC) or right heart catheter

Trendelenburg position

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Surgical and portable radiography

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Radiography in the surgical environment requires strict attention to sterile technique. Specific guidelines are difficult to give because procedures vary greatly among surgeons and Facilities

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C-arm

Back 73

A highly complex piece of equipment that uses X-rays and produces a live image feed that is displayed on a television screen

Hint 73

Front 74

use of the c-arm in surgery

Back 74

Requires increased attention to maintain a sterile field. The surgical draping of this and the patient is performed by the surgical team. Three approaches can be used to maintain a sterile field

1. Snap cover.2. Shower curtain.3. Drape the site with an additional sterile cloth

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Nonaseptic techniques

Back 75

Include the use of

nasogastric tubes.

Urinals.

Bedpans.

Enemas.

Colostomies.

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Nasogastric tubes (NG)

Back 76

Tubes of soft rubber or plastic inserted through a nostril and into the stomach. Radiographs are often taken to check for ____ placement. ____ are used to instill liquid food or other substances or for removal of flatus (gas or air) and fluid buildup caused by obstructions

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Lumen

Back 77

Cavity or Channel within a tube or tubular organ

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Nemesis Basin

Back 78

Kidney-shaped vessel for the collection of vomit

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Urinal

Back 79

Vessel or receptacle for urine

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Bedpan

Back 80

Vessel for receiving the urinary and fecal discharges for a patient unable to leave his or her bed

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Enema

Back 81

Liquid injected or to be injected into the rectum

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Colonoscopy

Back 82

Endoscopic examination of the large bowel and the distal part of the small bowel with a camera on a flexible tube. Biopsies can be performed during the procedure. Excellent method to identify small polyps or masses

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Virtual colonoscopy

Back 83

It is performed on a multi slice CT scanner that takes up to 600 2D and 3D images of the colon and approximately 30 seconds

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Sigmoidoscopy

Back 84

Procedure used to see inside the sigmoid colon and rectum with a flexible tube that has a camera on the end

Hint 84

Front 85

Barium

Back 85

Bulky, fine white powder, without odor or taste in free of grittiness. Used as a contrast medium in radiography of the digestive tract

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Standard enema preparation

Back 86

Low-residue diet.

Purgation.

Hydration.

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low-residue diet

Back 87

Diet that gives the least possible fecal residue. Patient should consume a clear liquid diet for 24 hours before enema examination

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Purgation

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Using a variety of laxatives to evacuate the bowel prior to enema procedure. Then the patient must remain NPO after midnight

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Hydration

Back 89

Enema preparation

Post-procedure instruct patient to drink plenty of fluids because Barry intends to make patients constipated

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Cleansing enema

Back 90

used to promote defecation. The fluid instilled in a cleansing enema breaks up fecal matter, stretches the rectal wall, and initiates the defecation reflex. For any examination that evaluates the colon, the bow should be clear. And most cases the patient can administer a cleansing enema at home

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Barium sulfate vs. water soluble iodine compounds

Back 91

Is used to examine the esophagus, stomach, and intestines when bowel perforation is not suspected vs. When a perforation is suspected

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Barium Enema

Back 92

To administer a barium sulfate solution into the rectum and through the colon.

A larger catheter is required than the one used for a cleansing enema because of barium high viscosity

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Viscosity

Back 93

Physical property of liquids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. State of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency, due to internal friction

Hint 93

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Colostomy

Back 94

Surgical creation of an opening between the colon and the surface of the body

Hint 94

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Stoma

Back 95

Opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, and so forth

Hint 95

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Osteomate

Back 96

One who has undergone enterostomy or ureterostomy

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loopogram

Back 97

The radiographic evaluation of the small and large bowel that has been connected to the skin surface as a substitute for the urinary bladder with an ostomy

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Enterostomal Therapist

Back 98

Health professional (usually a nurse) with special training and certification in the care of ostomies and related concerns

Front 99

Aseptic technique must be used

Back 99

Tracheostomies.

Chest tube.

Urinary catheters.

Intravenous and intra-arterial lines.

Pacemakers.

Surgery.

NICU.

Some ED patients, inpatient, and ICU patients

Front 100

Nonasceptic technique must be used

Back 100

NG tubes.

Urinals.

Bedpans.

Enemas.

Colostomies.