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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? |
Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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What part of the body does the CNS consist of? |
The brain and spinal cord |
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What part of the body does the PNS consist of? |
Cordlike NERVES that link CNS with the rest of the body |
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What are the nervous systems activities 3 main categories? |
Sensory functions Integrating functions Motor Functions |
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What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system? |
Neurons (nerve cells) |
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What structurally and functionally supports and protects neurons? |
Neuroglia (glial cells) |
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Name the 9 parts of a neuron. |
1. Dendrite 2. Cell body (soma) 3. Nucleus 4. Axon 5. Schwann cell 6. Myelin sheath 7. Node of Ranvier 8. Telodendron 9. Synaptic knobs |
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Describe their function: 1. Dendrite
2. Axon
3. Myelin sheath |
1. Receive stimuli from other neurons- conduct them to the cell body.
2. Conduct nerve impulses to another neuron or effector cell.
3. Protects nerve fiber and and enhances speed of conduction of impulses along the axon. |
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Describe their function: 1. nodes of Ranvier
2. Telodedron
3. Synaptic knobs |
1. They enhance the speed of conduction of impulses along the axon.
2. Branched structure at the end of the axon.
3. Contains vesicles that release neurotransmitters when stimulated |
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What are Cranial nerves and how many are there? |
Nerves of the PNS that originate from the brain. There are 12 pairs. |
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What are spinal nerves |
PNS nerves that originate from the spinal cord |
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Name 2 functional nerve types. |
1. Afferent (sensory)
2. Efferent (motor) |
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What do afferent (sensory) nerves do? |
Conduct nerve impulses TOWARD the CNS. |
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What do efferent (motor) nerves do? |
Conduct nerve impulses AWAY from the CNS. |
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What is the Somatic nervous system? |
Conscious or voluntary control of skeletal muscles.
example- moving arm, turning head, walking |
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What is the Autonomic nervous system? |
Self-regulates or controls and coordinates automatic functions.
example- contract intestines, increase heart rate, breath |
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Resting state |
When a neuron is not being stimulated. Has a net negative charge. |
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Resting membrane potential |
Difference in electrical charge across neuronal membrane. Has a net negative charge. |
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Sodium-Potassium pump |
Specialized molecule that helps maintain cell resting state by pumping sodium (NA) out of the cell and Potassium (K) into the cell. |
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What is the Depolarization process? (4 steps) |
1. Neuron receives external stimulus 2. Sodium (NA) channel opens 3. NA uses passive diffusion to enter cell 4. Cells charge changes from negative to positive |
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Action potential |
Significant change in electrical charge from negative to positive. |
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What is the Repolarization process? (5 steps) |
1. Sodium (NA) channels close 2. Potassium (K) channels open 3. K uses passive diffusion to exit cell 4. K channels close 5. Net charge of cell returns to negative |
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What is the difference between repolarization and the resting state? |
In repolarization Sodium (NA) is inside the cell and Potassium (K) is outside.
In resting state Potassium (K) is inside the cell and Sodium (NA) is outside. |
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What does threshold stimulus mean?
What is the all-or-nothing principle? |
A stimulus of sufficient energy to generate a nerve impulse.
All-or-nothing principle- neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength or not at all |
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Same meaning: Nerve impulse wave of depolarization conduction of the action potential
what do they mean? |
Wave of sodium(NA) channels opening to allow sodium influx. |
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Describe the refractory period. |
Time when a neuron cannot receive new stimuli.
Cell is in depolarization/early depolarization. |
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Define Synapse |
Junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell |
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What is the synaptic cleft? |
a physical gap between two neurons. |
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Define synaptic transmission. |
Perpetuation of nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. |
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Define each:
1. Presynaptic neuron
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Postsynaptic neuron |
1. Neuron bringing impulse to the synapse and releasing chemical to stimulate the next cell.
2. Chemical released by presynaptic neuron (little molecules in pictures)
3. Neuron that receives the neurotransmitters |
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Name the 2 types of neurotransmitters |
1. Excitatory
2. Inhibitory |
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Describe excitatory neurotransmitters
Name the 4 types. |
Causes an influx of sodium so postsynaptic membrane moves toward threshold. more positive charge.
1. Acetylccholine ( can be either) 2. Norepinephrine 3. Epinephrine 4. Dopamine |
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Describe what each type of excitatory neurotransmitter controls. (4) |
1. Acetylcholine(can be either)- as excitatory it stimulates muscle fibers to contract
2. Norepinephrine and Epinephrine- associated with fight or flight reactions
3. Dopamine involved in autonomic functions and muscle control |
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Describe inhibitory neurotransmitters
Name the 2 types. |
Move the charge within the postsynaptic cell farther from the threshold. more negative charge.
1. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
2. Glycine |
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Where is each inhibitory neurotransmitter located? (2) |
1. GABA- in the brain
2. Glycine- in the spinal cord |
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Name the 4 major parts of the brain. |
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Dicephalon
4. Brain stem |
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Define each cerebrum structure: 1. Gray matter
2. White matter
3. Gyri (gyrus)
4. Fissures |
1. Cerebral cortex, outer layer of brain
2. Fibers beneath the cortex
3. Folds in cerebral hemispheres
4. Deep grooves separating gyri |
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Define each cerebrum structure: 1. Sulci (sulcus)
2. Longitudinal fissure
3. Cerebral hemispheres |
1. Shallow grooves separating gyri. Divides cerebral hemispheres into lobes
2. prominent groove that divides cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres
3. right and left sides of the cerebrum |
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What does the cerebrum control? |
Higher-order behaviors (learning, awareness)
-Receives and interprets sensory input -Initiates voluntary nerve impulses to skeletal muscle -Integrates neuron activity associated with communication, emotion expression, learning, memory/recall, and other conscious activity |
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Where is cerebellum located?
What does it control? |
1. Just caudal to cerebrum
2. Coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes |
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What is the diencephalon?
what structures are in it? |
1. Passageway between brain stem and cerebrum
2. Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland |
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Describe each diencephalon structure. (3) |
Thalamus- Relay station for regulating sensory input to cerebrum
Hypothalamus- Interface between nervous and endocrine systems
Pituitary - Endocrine "master gland" |
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What does the brain stem control? |
Basic support functions of the body- autonomic. example heart, breathing, swallowing.
considered most primitive part of the brain |
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NAme the 3 brain stem structures. |
1. Medulla oblongata
2. Pons
3. Midbrain |
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Define meninges.
What is its function?
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Connective tissue layers that surround brain and spinal cord.
Supply nutrients/oxygen to superficial tissue. Provides cushioning and distribution of nutrients for CNS.
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Describe the 3 layers of the meninges. |
1. Dura Mater- tough fibrous outermost layer
2. Arachnoid- Delicate, spiderweb like middle layer
3. Pia Mater- Very thin, lies on surface of brain and spinal cord |
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What is cerebrospinal fluid?
What does it do? |
Fluid between layers of meninges, in the brain and spinal cord.
Provides cushioning, may hep regulate autonomic functions |
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Describe the blood-brain barrier. |
Capillary walls with no holes (fenestrations) that separates the capillaries from the nervous tissue on the brain.
prevents stuff from passing from the blood into the brain. |
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Name the 6 parts of the spinal cord. |
1. Medulla 2. Cortex 3. Dorsal nerve roots 4. Ventral nerve roots 5. Dorsal horns 6. Ventral horns |
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Describe each spinal cord structure: 1. Medulla
2. Cortex
3. Dorsal nerve roots |
1. Central part of spinal cord. composed of gray matter. center is called central canal
2. Outer part of spinal cord. White matter surrounds gray matter
3. Emerges from between each pair of adjacent vertebrae. contains sensory fibers |
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Describe each spinal cord structure: 1. Ventral nerve roots
2. Dorsal horns
3. Ventral horns |
1. Emerges from between each pair of adjacent vertebrae. contains motor fibers
2. Neurons in gray matter that forward sensory impulses to brain or spinal cord
3. Neurons in gray matter that forward motor impulses to spinal nerves |
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Name the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. |
1. Sympathetic nervous system
2. Parasympathetic nervous system |
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What is the Sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
What does it control? |
Responsible for Fight or flight response.
Increase- heart rate, force of heart contraction, diameter of bronchioles/pupils/muscle blood vessels
Decrease- GI motility/blood flow, diameter of skin/kidney blood vessels |
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What is the Parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
What does it control? |
Responsible for Rest and restore response.
Increase- GI motility/blood flow
Decrease- heart rate and diameter of bronchioles/pupils |
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Define Thoracolumbar system. |
Sympathetic nervous system
nerves emerge from thoracic and lumbar vertebral regions |
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Define Cranial-Sacral system. |
Parasympathetic nervous system
nerves emerge from brain and sacral vertebral regions |
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What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system? |
Norepinephrine |
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What is the primary neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system? |
Acetylcholine |
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Name the seven main types of reflexes. |
1. Somatic 2. Autonomic 3. Contralateral 4. Ipsilateral 5. Palpebral reflex arc 6. Pupillary light 7. Pedal |
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Define each reflex: 1. Somatic
2. Autonomic
3. Contralateral
4. Ipsilateral |
1. Voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles
2. regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and endocrine glands
3. Starts on one side and travels to other side
4. stimulus and response on same side of body |
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Define each reflex: 1. Palpebral reflex arc
2. Pupillary light
3. Pedal |
1. Light tap on medial can thus of eye produces a blink
2. Iris constricts due to shining light into eye. Both eyes constrict if light is shine into one eye.
3. Touch paw and animal draws paw back |
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Reflex arc |
composed of sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and target tissue or organ involved with stimulus and reflex response |
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Muscle spindle |
A sensory organ located within muscle that detects stretch of the muscle. |
