Anatomy/physiology Hole 8Th Edition; Ch. 17 Urinary System

Front 1

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List the components of the urinary system.

Where are the kidneys located?

Back 1

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Kidneys are high on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. They are retroperitoneal (behind the parietal peritoneum)

Front 2

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Each kidney is divided into a ____ and a ____

Each kidney contains a hollow ____ ____.

____ _____ project into the renal sinus.

the ureter expands into the ____ ____.

Back 2

medulla, cortex

renal sinus

renal papillae

renal pelvis.

Front 3

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Name four functions of the kidney

Back 3

1)removing and excreting metabolic wastes from the blood
2)help regulate RBC production
3)help regulate blood pressure
4)help regulate volume, composition, pH of body fluids

Front 4

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Name the structures that blood flows through when going to the kidney, in order.

Venous flow goes through which structures?

Back 4

renal artery, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, and peritubular capillaries.

venous blood returns through a series of vessels that correspond to the arterial pathways.

Front 5

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What is the functional unit of the kidney?

What does it consist of ?

Back 5

nephron

a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.

Front 6

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In the nephron, what does the renal corpuscle consist of?

Name the segments of the renal tubule.

Where does the collecting duct go?

Back 6

a glomerulus and glomerular capsule.

proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (ascending and descending limbs), and distal convoluted tubule (which empties into a collecting duct).

The collecting duct empties into the minor calyx of the renal pelvis.

Front 7

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the glomerular capillary of the nephron receives blood from the ____ arteriole and passes it to the ____ arteriole

What gives rise to the peritubular capillary system? what does this system surround?

Back 7

afferent, efferent

efferent arteriole gives rise to the peritubular capillary system, which surrounds the renal tubule.

Front 8

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In the nephron, the juxtaglomerular apparatus at the point of contact between the ____ _____ _____, and the afferent and _____ arterioles

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of?

Back 8

distal convoluted tubule, efferent

macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells.

Front 9

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Nephrons remove ____ from blood and regulate ____ and ______ concentrations. _____ is the end product.

Back 9

waste, water, electrolyte, urine

Front 10

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What is special about glomerular capillaries?

Urine formation begins when water and dissolved materials ____ out of glomerular capillaries

The composition of the filtrate is similar to that of ____ ____.

Back 10

They are much more permeable than capillaries in other tissues.

filter

tissue fluid

Front 11

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What is filtration pressure?

Filtration is due mainly to _____ pressure inside _____ capillaries

The _____ pressure of plasma and the _____ pressure in the glomerular capsule also affect filtration

Back 11

the net force moving material out of the glomerulus and into the glomerular capsule

hydrostatic, glomerular

osmotic, hydrostatic

Front 12

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The rate of filtration in the kidneys varies with ____ ____.

What components of the nephron can change the filtration pressure?

Back 12

filtration pressure

Filtration pressure changes with the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles.

Front 13

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How does colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus affect filtration rate?

How does hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule affect filtration rate?

Back 13

As colloid osmotic pressure int he glomerulus increases, filtration rate decreases.

As hydrostatic pressure in a glomerular capsule increases, filtration rate decreases.

Front 14

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Name three things (eg pressures) that contribute to filtration rate in the nephron

How much glomerular fluid do the kidneys produce? Does all of it go into the urine?

Back 14

1)filtration pressure (changes with the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles)
2)colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus
3)hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule

about 125 ml/minute. No, most of it is reabsorbed.

Front 15

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How does the autonomic nervous system affect renal filtration?


How does it do this?

Back 15

increased sympathetic nerve activity can DECREASE glomerular filtration rate.

Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction which DECREASES glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, and DECREASES GFR.

Front 16

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What three things stimulate renin release.

Back 16

1)drop in bp
2)sympathetic stimulation
3)macula densa sensing a decrease in chloride, potassium, and sodium ions reaching the DISTAL tubule.

Front 17

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Name three ions that the macula densa is sensitive to.

where in the nephron does this occur?

Back 17

chloride, potassium, sodium

distal tubule

Front 18

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What does renin do?

what does angiotensin II do?

What does aldosterone do?

Back 18

stimulates the production of angiotensin II.

1)vasoconstricts EFFERENT arteriole (increases glomerula capillary hydrostatic pressure, increasing GFR)
2)simulates secretion of aldosterone

Aldosterone stimulates tubular reabsorption of sodium.

Front 19

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What three processes produce urine?

Back 19

1)glomerular filtration
2)tubular reabsorption
3)tubular secretion

Front 20

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What is tubular reabsorption?

What part of the tubule is especially involved in reabsorption? why?

How does the peritubular capillary help in reabsorption?

Back 20

substances are selectively reabsorbed from glomerular filtrate in the tubule.

PROXIMAL tubule (epithelial cells here have MICROVILLI )

the peritubular capillary's permeability adapts it for reabsorption.

Front 21

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Name TWO modes of transport involved in tubular reabsorption. What do these transport?

Which of these has limited transport capacity? and why?

Back 21

1)ACTIVE transport reabsorbs glucose and amino acids
2)OSMOSIS reabsorbs water

Active transport mechanisms have limited transport capacities, as the number of carriers is limited (it can only transport a certain number of molecules in a given time)

Front 22

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Most sodium is _____ before urine is excreted. How? How does this affect other ions. How does this affect water reabsorption?

what does ADH do?

Sodium and ADH affect the urine _____ and _____

Back 22

reabsorbed. Active transport in the proximal tubule. Negative ions (eg chloride) accompany the positive sodium ions. Water accompanies the sodium.

Antidiuretic hormone PROMOTES WATER reabsorption (increases permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct)

concentration, volume

Front 23

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Discuss urea excretion.

How is uric acid reabsorbed?

Some uric acid is ____ into the renal tubule.

Back 23

1)DIFFUSION PASSIVELY reabsorbs urea, but 50% of urea is excreted in urine.

uric acid is reabsorbed by ACTIVE transport

secreted

Front 24

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What is tubular secretion?

Name four substances that are secreted.

Back 24

secretion transports substances FROM PLASMA to the tubular fluid.

1)various organic compounds
2)potassium (active and passive secretion)
3)hydrogen ions (active and passive)
4)some uric acid

Front 25

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Name five constituents of urine

Urine volume varies with _____ _____ and with certain environmental _____.

Back 25

1)water (95% of urine is water)
2)urea
3)uric acid
4)electrolytes
5)MAY contain trace amino acids

fluid intake, factors

Front 26

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The ureters extend from the _____ to the ____ ____.

How does the ureter move the urine?

Back 26

kidneys, urinary bladder

peristaltic waves

Front 27

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What are some roles of the urinary bladder?

What is the trigone?

Back 27

1)store urine
2)force it through the urethra

trigone is a triangular portion of the floor of the bladder which contains the openings of the ureters and the urethra at its corners

Front 28

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Name the four layers of the bladder wall

Which layer is the detrusor muscle? What does the detrusor muscle contribute towards?

Back 28

mucous coat, submucous coat, muscular coat, serous coat (outer layer)

Muscular layer (coat). Detrusor muscle forms the internal urethal sphincter.

Front 29

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what is micturition?

What happens during micturition?

Back 29

Micturition is urination or the expelling of urine.

the detrusor muscle contracts. the external urethral sphincter relaxes.

Front 30

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Describe the micturition reflex.

What else does bladder filling do?

Back 30

DISTENSION of bladder WALL stimulate STRETCH RECEPTORS. THese receptros signal the MICTURITION REFLEX CENTER in the SPINAL CORD.

From the reflex center, PARASYMPATHETIC MOTOR impulses travel to the DETRUSOR muscle, causing it to contract. A second reflex RELAXES the EXTERNAL urethral sphincter.

Bladder filling also causa opening of the INTERNAL urethral SPHINCTER.

Front 31

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Which urethral sphincter can be controlled voluntarily.

Nerve centers in the ____ _____ and ____ _____ aid control of urination

Back 31

the EXTERNAL urethral sphincter. This sphincter can also be controlled involuntarily.

cerebral cortex, brain stem

Front 32

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What does the urethra do?

Back 32

the urethra conveys URINE from the bladder to the outside.

Front 33

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Define renal plasma threshold.

Back 33

a certain, critical, level or concentration of a substance in plasma (eg glucose). Above this level, the substance will be excreted in the urine, as the reabsorption mechanisms cannot deal with such an amount in the tubule.

For example when there is too much glucose in the urine, nephron cannot reabsorb it all, and it excretes some glucose in the urine (glucosuria).

Front 34

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How do potassium ions enter the urine.

Back 34

1)passive secretion (as sodium is reabsorbed actively int he distal convoluted tubule, it leaves a negative charge in the tubule, which attracts potassium and hydrogen positive ions)
2)active secretion.